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柴北缘赛什腾山滩间山群晚奥陶世富铌玄武岩成因及其地质意义

庄玉军, 彭璇, 周艳龙, 何世平, 王盼龙, 王立轩

庄玉军, 彭璇, 周艳龙, 等. 柴北缘赛什腾山滩间山群晚奥陶世富铌玄武岩成因及其地质意义[J]. 西北地质, 2023, 56(1): 63-80. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2022003
引用本文: 庄玉军, 彭璇, 周艳龙, 等. 柴北缘赛什腾山滩间山群晚奥陶世富铌玄武岩成因及其地质意义[J]. 西北地质, 2023, 56(1): 63-80. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2022003
ZHUANG Yujun, PENG Xuan, ZHOU Yanlong, et al. Genesis and Geological Significance of Late Ordovician Nb-rich Basalts from Tanjianshan Group in Saishitengshan Mountain, Northern Margin of Qaidam Tectonic belt[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2023, 56(1): 63-80. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2022003
Citation: ZHUANG Yujun, PENG Xuan, ZHOU Yanlong, et al. Genesis and Geological Significance of Late Ordovician Nb-rich Basalts from Tanjianshan Group in Saishitengshan Mountain, Northern Margin of Qaidam Tectonic belt[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2023, 56(1): 63-80. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2022003

柴北缘赛什腾山滩间山群晚奥陶世富铌玄武岩成因及其地质意义

基金项目: 中国地质调查局项目“商丹–大柴旦地区区域地质调查”(DD20190069),“西北地区区域基础地质调查”(DD20221636)联合资助。
详细信息
    作者简介:

    庄玉军(1989–),男,工程师,从事区域地质调查及前寒武纪地质研究。E-mail:179966387@qq.com

    通讯作者:

    彭璇(1984–),女,工程师,从事区域地质调查工作。E-mail:pengxuan2012@163.com

  • 中图分类号: P581

Genesis and Geological Significance of Late Ordovician Nb-rich Basalts from Tanjianshan Group in Saishitengshan Mountain, Northern Margin of Qaidam Tectonic belt

  • 摘要:

    产于柴北缘构造带西段赛什腾山地区滩间山群中的变玄武岩的结晶年龄为(444±4)Ma,具有富Na2O、贫K2O、高TiO2、Nb及低LILE/HFSE和HREE/HFSE值等特征,球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线整体表现为轻稀土相对富集、重稀土平坦的略向右缓倾型配分模式,且在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图中显示Nb、Ta弱正异常,与富铌玄武岩地球化学特征一致。综合分析表明,赛什腾山富铌玄武岩岩浆源区为尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩,是俯冲大洋板片陡角度回转引起的上涌软流圈地幔在弧后盆地边缘(靠近岛弧侧)与亏损地幔楔混合的产物,指示晚奥陶世柴北缘西段仍处于弧后伸展阶段,陆陆碰撞尚未开始。结合区域已有资料,认为柴北缘滩间山群是晚寒武世—早中志留世洋陆转换过程中不同时期、不同构造背景下(包括洋岛、岛弧、弧后等)的火山-沉积产物,其经历了自大洋俯冲至陆陆碰撞前的整个俯冲消减过程,各类岩石因构造混杂最终保存于柴北缘狭长构造带内。

    Abstract:

    The crystallization age of meta–basalts from Tanjianshan Group in Saishitengshan mountain, in the western part of the northern margin of Qaidam tectonic belt, was 444±4 Ma, which has the characteristics of rich Na2O, poor K2O, high TiO2, Nb, and low LILE/HFSE and HREE/HFSE ratios. The chondrite–normalized REE distribution curve shows a slightly right–leaning distribution pattern with relatively enriched LREE and flat HREE. On the primitive mantle–normalized trace element diagrams, Nb and Ta show weak positive anomalies, which is consistent with the geochemical characteristics of Nb–rich basalts. The comprehensive analysis shows that the magma sources of Nb–rich basalt in Saishiteng Mountain maybe the spinel–phase lherzolite, which is the product of the mixture of upwelling asthenosphere mantle and depleted mantle wedge at the edge of the back–arc basin near the island arc side caused by the steep angleroll–back of the subduction oceanic slab. It indicates that the western part of the northern margin of Qaidam basin was under the stage of back–arc extension during the late Ordovician, and the continental collision had not begun. Combined with the existing regional data, it is considered that the Tanjianshan Group in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin were the volcanic–sedimentary products of different periods and different tectonic settings in the process of ocean–continent transition from Late Cambrian to Early–middle Silurian,and had experienced the whole subduction process from oceanic subduction to continental collision. Due to tectonic mélange, various types of rocks were occurred in the northern margin of Qaidam basin.

  • 随着新兴产业的高速发展与低碳经济时代的到来,全球对镍钴金属的需求增长迅猛且前景广阔(张伟波等,2018王辉等,2019张照伟等,2021)。丰富的镍钴矿产资源不仅使该国拥有定价权,也提升了国家资源安全供应(Schulz et al.,2018USGS,2019Zhang et al.,2019Li et al.,2019张照伟等,2020)。目前,中国可利用的镍钴矿床类型相对单一,主要为岩浆Ni–Co硫化物矿床(赵俊兴等,2019陈华勇,2020王焰等,2020李文渊等,2022a)。金川矿床是世界第三、中国最大的岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床,其镍、钴资源储量分别约占国内资源总储量的68.6%和50%,是保障国内镍、钴战略性关键矿产自我供给最重要的资源基地。但由于资源的快速消耗,将严重削弱中国镍、钴资源的自我供给能力,亟需查明矿床深边部找矿潜力,共同致力提升中国镍钴等关键矿产资源控制力和话语权(Maier et al., 2011侯增谦等,2020王岩等,2020张照伟等,2022)。中国目前是全球第一大镍钴金属消费国,然而超过90%的镍钴资源依赖进口,后备资源严重不足(翟裕生,2020李文渊等,2022a)。鉴于镍钴矿产资源现状,中国新一轮找矿突破战略行动将其列为紧缺战略性矿产,优先部署找矿工作,重点矿山深部是增储上产的核心工作区。

    金川矿床自发现以来,经过60余年的地质勘查与研究,对其含矿岩体产状、岩石类型、矿石类型、成矿时代、成矿过程及成矿规律等方面都取得较为一致的认识,认为金川含矿岩体原始产状为“岩床状” 、岩石基性程度及空间形态共同控制矿体分布,基性程度越高,含矿性越好,岩体中下部及空间形态上的突然膨大部位是赋存矿体的关键部位(汤中立等,1995Naldrett,2011Chen et al.,2015);金川矿床是“深部熔离–多期侵位”的产物,且多期次成矿元素含量不同的岩浆分别沿不同部位分别上侵,存在多个含矿岩浆入口(Tang et al.,2009Li et al.,2011陈列锰等,2015Duan et al.,2016)。随着对金川矿床深边部及外围勘查的持续加强,对矿床的找矿潜力及勘查方向也有了新的进展,但仍存在诸多找矿方面的具体问题,如地质–地球物理模型的建立和找矿标志的精准约束,矿区地球物理场高背景强干扰条件下探测方法的有效性,含矿岩浆上侵入口位置的精确厘定等,都是制约金川矿床深边部及外围找矿能否实现突破的关键科学问题,亟待解决。笔者围绕金川矿床深边部成矿关键问题和重大找矿需求,通过对金川铜镍矿床成矿特征的深入剖析,研究找矿技术方法有效性;地质、物探深度融合,建立金川矿床地物综合找矿模型;深挖资源潜力,优选找矿新靶区,旨在助推金川镍钴成矿潜力的全面、科学评价和高效找矿勘查。

    金川镍钴矿床整体位于阿拉善地块西南缘龙首山隆起带中,主体赋存于金川镁铁–超镁铁岩体内(图1)(宋谢炎,2019)。龙首山地区地层自下而上可分为古元古代龙首山岩群、中元古代墩子沟群、新元古代(震旦系)韩母山群/烧火筒沟群和古生代以后的地层。金川矿区及所在的龙首山隆起带经历了多期构造运动,以金川矿床形成时间(831 Ma)为节点,可将区域构造划分为成矿前、成矿期和成矿后构造(李文渊等,2022a)。多期构造活动及其复杂的演化特征,将金川镁铁–超镁铁质岩体及其镍钴矿体重复改造,导致对原始产状难以恢复,并加剧了进一步找矿的复杂性(Sisir et al.,2018Yao et al.,2018张照伟等,2021)。龙首山地区岩浆活动强烈,花岗岩类最为发育,分布面积大,多呈岩基产出(图1)。镁铁–超镁铁质侵入岩呈岩墙状、脉状及岩株状产出,断续散布于龙首山区,构成一条重要的镁铁–超镁铁质岩带。伴随侵入活动,岩浆喷发作用亦较强烈,以基性火山岩为主,主要发育于前寒武纪,多已变质,显生宙仅泥盆纪有杏仁状玄武岩喷发(王亚磊等,2023)。根据沉积建造分析,结合岩浆岩同位素定年资料,本区岩浆活动及演化可分为4个阶段:①早元古代基底演化花岗岩作用阶段。②中、晚元古代大陆拉张镁铁质–超镁铁质岩作用阶段。③古生代构造水平挤压花岗岩类作用阶段。④中、新生代断块升降局部中基性火山作用阶段。其中,以②、③阶段岩浆作用为主。

    图  1  金川铜镍矿床大地构造位置(a)及龙首山隆起带区域地质简图(b)(据王亚磊等,2023修改)
    Figure  1.  (a) The location of the Jinchuan Ni–Cu deposit in China and (b) simplified geologic map of the Longshoushan terrane

    龙首山地区的镁铁–超镁铁质侵入体呈岩墙状、岩脉状及岩株状产出,约有20余处,断续分布于龙首山隆起带中(图1),高精度锆石U–Pb年代学研究表明其主要形成于于中、新元古代(焦建刚等,2017)。依据其分布特征,可以将龙首山地区镁铁质–超镁铁质岩带分为西、中、东3个地段:西段岩体包括藏布台、青井子、马莲井、青石窑等单辉岩、橄榄单辉岩岩体,以藏布台岩体为代表;中段岩体包括金川、V号异常、塔马子沟、墩子沟、毛草泉、西井子等二辉橄榄岩岩体,以金川岩体为代表;东段岩体包括小口子、东水崖子、碾磨山、大口子等单辉橄榄岩体,以小口子岩体为代表。

    金川含矿岩体的直接围岩为古元古代白家咀子组地层。白家咀子组地层经历了高级变质和多期岩浆侵入,形成了一套以条带–均质混合岩、大理岩、片麻岩为主的岩系。根据沉积和变质特征,白家咀子组自下而上分为3段:第一段为角砾状–均质混合岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、蛇纹大理岩为主;第二段以条带–均质混合岩、含石榴子石二云母片麻岩、及蛇纹大理岩为主,含少量绿泥石英片岩;第三段主要为含石榴子石二云母片麻岩、含蛇纹石大理岩、条带–均质混合岩、以及蛇纹大理岩(图2a)。金川含矿超镁铁质岩体被一系列NEE断层分为四个岩体,由西向东依次为Ⅲ、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ号岩体(图2a),其中Ⅰ和Ⅱ号岩体出露地表,Ⅲ和Ⅳ岩体均被第四系或白家咀子组地层覆盖的隐伏岩体,是通过磁法测量并经钻探验证所发现的。赋矿岩体总体走向约为310°,沿走向长约为6500 m,宽为20~527 m,出露面积约为1.34 km2,倾向SW,倾角为50°~80°,目前已控制最大延深约为1200 m(图2b),且矿体向深部仍未尖灭,局部还表现出“膨大”的特征。依据最新勘探资料,金川岩体中共赋存有4个主要矿体,由西向东依次为Ⅲ-1号、24号、1号、2号(图2b),各矿体深部延伸差别较大,在纵投影图上,其底部呈明显的“锯齿状”特征。其中,Ⅲ-1号矿体与先前勘探结果相比规模及资源储量明显增大,且深部仍有较大找矿潜力。

    图  2  金川矿床矿区地质简图(a)及矿床纵投影图(b)(据王亚磊等,2023修改)
    Figure  2.  (a) Geological map of the Jinchuan intrusion, and (b) a projected long section

    金川含矿镁铁–超镁铁质岩体最初是近水平的岩床状,由于后期构造运动,金川岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床所在的龙首山整体被从深部逆冲推覆而呈现今的陡倾斜,岩体的另一端仍可能赋存厚大的岩浆镍钴硫化物矿体(图3)(王亚磊等,2012李文渊,2022b)。

    图  3  金川岩浆型铜镍矿床成矿模式图(据李文渊,2022b修改)
    1.玄武岩;2.纯橄岩;3.花岗混合岩;4.二辉橄榄岩;5.矿体;6.逆冲断层
    Figure  3.  Metallogenic model map of Jinchuan magmatic copper–nickel deposit

    金川镍钴矿床的矿体主要赋存于III矿区、I矿区、II矿区和IV矿区,其中I矿区和II矿区出露地表,其矿体地质特征多有论述(王辰等,2018);III矿区和IV矿区隐伏于地表,文中重点介绍其矿体地质特征。III矿区含矿岩体全部隐伏于第四系下,埋深约为50~100 m,岩体受F8断层影响,相对于I矿区向南西位移约900 m,岩体呈不规则岩墙状,走向NW–SE(图4),倾向SW,倾角为60°~70°。依据目前钻孔资料,岩体长约为600 m,宽度为20~200 m,沿NW–SE方向岩体厚度呈逐渐变大的趋势。在III矿区1580~1380 m水平联合中段平面图上,8行勘探线以西的岩体规模随着深度的增加而急剧变小,甚至尖灭;但在8行勘探线以东,岩体规模厚大,且向下变化不大。依据最新的钻探资料,在4行和6行勘探线深部沿矿体倾向,岩体及矿体表现出“膨大”的趋势,海绵陨铁状富矿的规模也呈变大的趋势。ZK603钻孔中累计见超基性岩体约为82 m,几乎全岩矿化,其中矿石类型为浸染状–海绵陨铁状矿石(49.4 m),另有少量星点状和斑杂状矿石(32.6 m),海绵陨铁状矿石主要位于含矿岩体下部,与下盘围岩直接接触。化学分析结果表明,矿石中Ni含量为0.2%~3.82%,Cu含量为0.2%~3.12%。

    图  4  金川镍钴矿床Ⅲ矿区地质简图(据甘肃省地质矿产局第六地质队,1984修改)
    Figure  4.  Geological sketch of Jinchuan nickel–cobalt deposit Ⅲ mining area

    ZK404和ZK405钻孔中所揭露的镁铁–超镁铁岩体累计厚度均较大,分别为304 m和388 m;ZK404钻孔中主要矿石类型为星点状(图5a、图5b),局部可见浸染状和脉状矿石(图5b、图5c),其Ni含量为0.2%~1.5%,仅4个样品Ni含量大于1%,Cu含量为0.2%~0.99%。在ZK404钻孔中见有厚大的伟晶状二辉橄榄岩(图5d),其橄榄石粒径可达1~2 cm,在先前所划分的各侵入期次中未见该岩相的报道。通过对该钻孔系统的岩心编录,发现该岩相由两侧向中心,橄榄石含量及粒径均变大,基性程度变高,且橄榄石粒径的均一程度较好(Barnes et al.,2013)。除此之外,其中蕴含的硫化物珠滴的含量也较高,表现出一定流动分异的特征(图6)。

    图  5  Ⅲ矿区ZK404钻孔中典型岩石类型、矿石类型及各矿石类型之间接触关系图
    a. 伟晶状二辉橄榄岩,硫化物珠滴呈填隙相充填于橄榄石颗粒之间;b. 星点状矿石(伟晶状二辉橄榄岩)与浸染状矿石(橄榄辉石岩)截然接触关系;c. 橄榄辉石岩中的硫化物细脉;d. 连续的伟晶状二辉橄榄岩
    Figure  5.  Typical rock types, ore types and contact relations among them in ZK404 of Ⅲ mining area
    图  6  Ⅲ矿区ZK404钻孔柱状图及伟晶状二辉橄榄岩空间矿物组成及粒度的变化特征
    Figure  6.  The borehole histogram of ZK404 in Ⅲ mining area and spatial mineral composition and grain size change characteristics of pegmatite lherzolite

    Ⅳ矿区位于金川含矿岩体最东侧,西接Ⅱ矿区56行,向东至Ⅳ矿区26~28行勘探线之间,被F62断层横切,东西长约为1300 m(图2)。Ⅳ矿区全部为隐伏岩体,除岩体西段(2~8行勘探线)隐伏于条痕–均质混合岩外,其东段(8~26行勘探线)岩体直接被第四系覆盖,覆盖厚度为60~140 m;与整个金川含矿岩体相比,其走向偏转较大,约呈NW 80°,倾向SW,倾角一般为49°~60°;4行勘探线和6行勘探线的岩体较陡,为64°~67°,总体呈岩墙状,西段呈明显的收缩趋势,东端分叉尖灭。

    在Ⅳ矿区纵投影图上(图7),从Ⅱ矿区56行勘探线至Ⅳ矿区2行勘探线,岩体厚度变化不大,但在4行勘探线岩体厚度突然变大,且产状较陡,矿体在4行勘探线和6行勘探线发育,且均发育在岩体底部,规模也较小,至8行勘探线处岩体深部延伸变小,且岩体底部无矿体产出(图7)。由8行勘探线继续向东,在10行勘探线处,岩体进一步变厚大,延深可达1100 m标高水平,矿体再现,赋存于岩体底部(图7),继续向东至岩体延伸进一步变大,产状无明显的变化,但矿体厚度呈逐渐变大的趋势,矿体所占的比例也逐渐增高。从16行勘探线开始,矿体除位于底部外,也开始发育“上悬式”矿体;在20行勘探线以东岩体规模及埋深均急剧变小,但矿体所占的比例却继续变大,直至28行勘探线处岩体尖灭。通过岩体及矿体规模特征、赋存位置及二者之间的比例关系,认为在Ⅳ矿区以8行勘探线为界,其宏观地质特征存在明显差异。

    图  7  金川矿床Ⅳ矿区纵投影图(据甘肃省地质矿产局第六地质队,1984修改)
    Figure  7.  Longitudinal projection map of Ⅳ mining area in Jinchuan deposit

    岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床在物探方法上主要表现为“三高一低”的特点,也就是高磁、高重、高极化和低电阻。金川矿区铜镍赋矿岩石在物性上为高磁化强度、中–低电阻率、高密度的组合特征;在异常曲面与平面上,则表现为高磁、重力局部上隆、中等电阻率的异常场组合特征,而完全的低电阻异常区可能由断裂引起,可从已知断裂与矿体之间的关系,侧面圈定矿体所在。在方法技术上,各种磁法对圈定矿体的平面范围极为有效,在剖面反演中具有较好的指示性,但深度需依赖其他方法进行标定,同时对磁性异常引起的深度较难估算。重力与磁配合,可以精准定位隐伏的镁铁–超镁铁质岩体,继而圈定矿体或找矿目标区。尽管金川矿区已实施多次磁测工作,但重力的测量相对缺乏或不系统,对金川矿床深边部隐伏镁铁–超镁铁质岩体的定位不能给出准确判断。鉴于此,重点加强金川矿区重力测量工作,并与磁测数据密切对应,构建地质地球物理勘查模型,支撑金川矿床深边部找矿靶区精准定位。

    金川矿区布格重力异常总体表现为南高、北低,北侧以密集梯级带的形式从重力高异常过渡至低异常,反映了龙首山隆起带与潮水盆地衔接时,由古老变质结晶基底转变为第四系覆盖,布格重力异常迅速降低的典型特征。布格重力异常最高值位于工作区中西部,幅值约为277×10−5 m/s2,最低值位于工作区东北角,幅值约为262×10−5 m/s2

    全区布格重力异常以清晰的重力梯级带方式呈现出明显的分区特征,西区呈椭圆状异常,中间高四周低,最高值约为277×10−5 m/s2,西部椭圆状异常被密集的重力梯级带围绕,南北两侧展布方向为NW向,区内长度约为10 km,梯级带紧密,东端密集,西段稍有发散,梯度达7×10−5 m/s2;东侧梯级带展布方向为NE向,区内长度约为8 km,梯级带宽缓,梯度达10×10−5 m/s2;东区布格重力异常呈带状展布,与区域地层的展布方向相一致,总体表现为南高、北低,高值区异常值明显低于西部,最高值约为271×10−5 m/s2,推测东西两区由明显密度差异的地质单元组成,东区中部呈NEE向展布一梯级带,区内长度约为12 km,梯级带西端密集,东端发散,梯度达7×10−5 m/s2。布格重力异常梯级带均是区域性断裂构造在重力场上的反映。

    剩余重力异常(图8)与布格重力异常相比,浅层局部地质体引起的信息明显增强,主要的团块状异常集中于北侧,呈北西向带状分布,现就与航磁异常对应的剩余重力异常进行分析。金川含矿岩体表现为高磁高重异常区,幅值最高处位于I矿区,剩余异常达5.0×10−5 m/s2,其余各矿区的剩余重力异常约为1.0×10−5~1.5×10−5 m/s2

    图  8  金川矿区及外围剩余重力异常图
    Figure  8.  Residual gravity anomaly map of Jinchuan mining area and its periphery

    对金川矿区布格重力异常–地形回归剩余、化极磁力异常使用最小曲率位场分离技术处理,分别得到剩余重力异常、剩余化极磁力异常。在对含矿岩体研究成果充分认识的基础上,选择一些代表性的含矿岩体平面位置识别成果,结合布格重力异常–地形回归剩余、化极磁力异常数据处理结果进行分析。

    金川含矿超基性岩体分布与剩余重力异常图显示(图9),已知的超基性岩体分布对应高重力异常值。金川超基性岩体分布与剩余化极磁力异常图(图10)显示,已知的超基性岩体分布对应高磁力异常值。

    图  9  金川含矿超基性岩体分布与剩余重力异常图
    Figure  9.  The ore–bearing ultra–basic distribution and residual gravity anomaly map in Jinchuan
    图  10  金川含矿超基性岩体分布与剩余化极磁力异常图
    Figure  10.  The ore–bearing ultra–basic distribution and abnormal map of residual polar magnetic force in Jinchuan

    利用三维物性反演技术来识别岩体的空间分布(潘力等,2023)。进行三维重力反演的主要依据是在三维空间中超基性岩体与围岩的密度差,对此密度差进行三维重力反演,得到由重力反演的超基性岩体三维空间分布结果。进行三维磁力反演的主要依据是在三维空间中超基性岩体的高磁性,对此磁性差进行三维磁力反演,得到由磁力反演的超基性岩体三维空间分布结果。本次反演在模型构置时采用均匀网格剖分,剖分网格间距为150 m×150 m×150 m,剖分深度为地表以下2000 m深。

    在三维重力反演切片图(图11)中,红色对应高密度的超基性岩体和含矿超基性岩体,高值集中在地表以下200~1000 m处,可能对应高密度的超基性岩体,而集中在地形以下500~750 m处的更高的密度差值可能对应了密度更高的含矿超基性岩体,其走向为NW向。根据图12中的俯视图,对应前面划分的岩体平面分布位置,可以展示不同密度阈值的地质体的空间展布并大致圈定超基性岩体空间分布且确定物性,整体走向呈NW向,结合地质和物性的认识,可以圈定超基性岩体(密度)的具体空间展布形式。在三维磁力反演切片图(图12)中,红色对应高磁性的超基性岩体和含矿超基性岩体,高值集中在地形以下50~1000 m处,可能对应高磁性的超基性岩体,而集中在地形以下50~750 m处的更高的磁化强度差值可能对应了磁性更高的含矿超基性岩体,其走向为NW向。

    图  11  重力数据三维反演结果切片图
    Figure  11.  Slice diagram of three–dimensional inversion results of gravity data
    图  12  磁力数据三维反演结果切片图
    Figure  12.  Slice diagram of three–dimensional inversion results magnetic data

    根据由钻井信息推测的矿区地质剖面、剖线位置等已知信息,从而获取各矿区的超基性岩体的空间分布,建立各矿区已知超基性岩体的地质模型。正演超基性岩体地质模型引起的重力异常以及化极磁力异常,对比实际观测重力(化极磁力)异常与地质模型正演重力(化极磁力)异常,可以推测已知超基性岩体和实际超基性岩体的差异,从而推断矿区的深边部是否存在可含矿的超基性岩体,以圈定成矿有利区。

    矿区已知超基性岩体三维地质建模结果显示(图13),岩体走向为NW方向,倾向SW,倾角为60°~80°,已知的超基性岩体深度约为500~1800 m,对超基性岩体地质模型进行重力异常正演和化极磁力异常正演。超基性岩体模型重力异常幅值约为5 mGal,最高值位于Ⅱ矿区;超基性岩体化极磁力异常幅值约为2600 nT,最高值位于Ⅱ矿区。对比模型的正演重力、磁力异常和实际观测的重力、磁力异常,发现模型与实测磁力异常的形态较为相似,便于对比分析。为了对比分析岩体模型和实测磁力异常的差异,在矿区上布置了5条测线,这5条测线的模型磁力异常与实测磁力异常对比显示,Ⅲ矿区、Ⅰ矿区和Ⅱ矿区的岩体模型和实测磁力异常形态和幅值较为一致,但是Ⅳ矿区的磁力异常显示实测磁力异常远大于模型正演磁力异常,可以推测Ⅳ矿区深部有未探测高磁性岩体,可以圈定Ⅳ矿区深部为成矿有利区。

    图  13  金川矿区超基性岩体三维地质建模图
    Figure  13.  Three–dimensional geological modeling of ultrabasic rocks in Jinchuan mining area

    综合以上重力测量、重磁反演计算及三维建模数据,金川矿区深边部重磁高值区与地质认识及含矿镁铁–超镁铁质岩体原始产状高度吻合,进一步佐证了金川矿区深边部找矿是岩体另一端找矿的问题,存在尖灭、断离和再现,重磁极值点对应了含矿岩浆上侵入口的精确位置,地质-地球物理综合勘查模型进一步揭示了金川岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床深边部找矿潜力。

    基于金川含矿镁铁–超镁铁质岩体的形成机制,综合矿床地质特征和矿体分布规律研究,利用重磁等地球物理异常信息与含矿岩体耦合关系,指出金川岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床深部仍具有较好找矿潜力。结合重磁反演计算和三维建模,重磁高值区与含矿岩体赋存空间基本一致,并且已知含矿岩体与隐伏岩体重磁数据高度吻合,代表了新的找矿方向,具体表现在金川矿床4个矿区不同的勘探线上。III矿区4~6行勘探线沿倾向及III矿区4行勘探线的SE向部位可能代表了含矿岩浆上侵的部位;在Ⅰ矿区21~29行勘探线,岩体仍未尖灭,深部仍有较大的铜镍找矿潜力;Ⅱ矿区1号矿体可能是含矿岩浆至少2次沿不同部位侵位的产物,Ⅱ号岩体2~3行勘探线和10~16行勘探线可能是含矿岩浆侵位的2个关键部位;Ⅱ矿区2号矿体44~50行勘探线之间,深部可能仍有一定的找矿潜力;Ⅳ矿区10~26行勘探线之间的深部可能仍存在富矿体,有必要进一步开展深部钻探验证;Ⅳ号岩体(尤其是8行勘探线以东)也可能代表了深部含矿岩浆上侵的另外一个分支,只是目前已控制部分主要代表了其上部演化程度较高的部分。此外,通过对金川矿床原始产状恢复及矿田构造的研究,金川矿床形成后,遭受了明显逆冲推覆和隆升过程,导致其上部含矿岩体与深部可能存在的含矿岩体之间出现明显的间断,进而也表现出明显的“悬空”特征。

    (1)金川岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床整体赋存于镁铁–超镁铁质岩体的中下部,岩体最初产状是近水平的岩床,只是由于后期构造而成现在的陡倾斜,金川矿床深部找矿是岩体的另一端含矿性评价问题。

    (2)重磁反演计算及三维建模对金川矿区含矿镁铁-超镁铁质岩体进行精准定位,通过已知含矿岩体与隐伏岩体的重磁数据对比,进一步确定金川矿区隐伏岩体的空间位置,建立的地质–地球物理综合勘查模型可快速揭示找矿靶区或目标区。

    (3)综合地质、重磁反演计算及三维建模,指出金川岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床深部存在不同程度的找矿潜力,在III矿区(4~6行勘探线)南东端及Ⅳ矿区南部(8行勘探线以东),是新的重点找矿方向。

  • 图  1   柴北缘地质简图(a)及研究区地质图(b)

    1.达肯大坂岩群第一岩组;2.达肯大坂岩群第二岩组;3.达肯大坂岩群第三岩组;4.达肯大坂岩群第四岩组;5.滩间山群;6.晚志留世黑云母花岗岩;7.早二叠世石英闪长岩;8.中二叠世二长花岗岩;9.早三叠世二长花岗岩(脉);10.第四系;11.晚奥陶世变玄武岩;12.早志留世英安岩/流纹岩;13.中二叠世辉长岩脉;14.晚二叠世辉长闪长岩脉;15.闪长岩;16.采样点

    Figure  1.   (a) Sketch map of tectonic location and (b) the geological map of study areas

    图  2   赛什腾山变玄武岩宏观产出特征及显微镜下特征

    a. 变玄武岩宏观产出特征;b. 变玄武岩野外露头;c~d. 变余斑状结构,变斑晶为绿帘石化角闪石,基质为角闪石、斜长石、阳起石、绿泥石及少量石英(正交偏光);Ep. 绿帘石;Hbl. 角闪石;Act. 阳起石;Chl. 绿泥石;Pl. 斜长石;Qtz. 石英

    Figure  2.   Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain

    图  3   赛什腾山变玄武岩Zr/TiO2–Nb/Y分类图(a)(底图据Irvine T N,1971)、AFM图解(b)(底图据Winchester J A,1971)及TFeO–TFeO/MgO图解(c)(底图据Miyashiro A,1974

    Figure  3.   (a) TAS diagram, (b) AFM diagram and (c) TFeO vs. TFeO / MgO diagram for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain

    图  4   赛什腾山变玄武岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图解(a)和微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(b)

    Figure  4.   (a) Chondrite–normalized REE patterns diagram and (b) Primitive–mantle normalised spidergram diagram for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain

    图  5   赛什腾山变玄武岩MgO–Nb/La图解(a)和 Nb–Nb/U图解(b)(底图据Kepezhinskas et al.,1997

    球粒陨石标准化值及原始地幔标准化值据Sun et al.,1989

    Figure  5.   (a) MgO vs. Nb/La diagram and (b) Nb vs. Nb/U diagram for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain

    图  6   赛什腾山富铌玄武岩锆石U–Pb年龄谐和图(a)及典型锆石阴极发光图像(b)

    Figure  6.   (a)The U–Pb Concordian diagram of zircons and (b)Representative cathodoluminescence images of the zircons for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain

    图  7   赛什腾山富铌玄武岩(Tb/Yb)PM –(La/Sm)PM图解(a)(底图据Wang et al.,2002)和Ce/Y–Zr/Nb图解(b)(底图据Deniel,1998

    Figure  7.   (a)(Tb/Yb)PM vs La/Sm)PM diagrams and (b) Ce/Y vs Zr/Nb diagrams for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain

    图  8   赛什腾山富铌玄武岩Zr–Ti图解(a)和Th/Yb–Ta/Yb图解(a)(底图据Pearce J A,1982

    Figure  8.   (a) Zr vs Ti diagrams and (b) Th/Yb vs Ta/Yb diagrams for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain

    图  9   赛什腾山富铌玄武岩成因模式图(据周艳龙,2021修改)

    Figure  9.   The genetic model map for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain

    表  1   赛什腾山变玄武岩主量元素(%)、微量元素(10−6)及稀土元素(10−6)含量分析结果

    Table  1   Major element (%), trace element (10−6) and REE element (10−6) compositions of meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain

    样号TK02-1TK02-2TK02-3TK02-4TK02-5TK02-6
    SiO250.0848.9049.3849.4849.4352.05
    Al2O315.4615.5515.4515.5415.5614.98
    Fe2O34.885.235.414.814.405.30
    FeO6.296.446.116.346.745.40
    CaO11.1611.7811.4711.1710.5211.15
    MgO5.585.875.625.816.274.89
    K2O0.460.430.480.470.520.39
    Na2O2.602.442.562.733.022.43
    TiO21.451.441.471.481.491.39
    P2O50.140.140.150.160.140.13
    MnO0.1400.1400.1400.1400.1400.130
    LOI1.761.641.761.871.771.76
    TOTAL100100100100100100
    TFeO10.6811.1510.9810.6710.7010.17
    m/f0.920.930.900.961.030.85
    La11.911.711.911.411.011.2
    Ce25.124.324.023.624.024.2
    Pr3.403.293.223.183.353.16
    Nd14.614.014.213.714.313.7
    Sm3.413.333.303.213.313.19
    Eu1.191.161.161.171.141.16
    Gd3.553.593.623.433.513.41
    Tb0.620.610.600.590.610.58
    Dy3.503.513.533.403.503.30
    Ho0.690.700.690.670.670.64
    Er1.871.871.931.841.821.74
    Tm0.280.270.270.270.270.25
    Yb1.811.711.711.771.761.70
    Lu0.250.250.240.240.250.23
    Ba111.080.482.083.898.479.5
    Rb16.18.79.19.010.58.3
    Sr286273267245256284
    Co42.642.838.638.343.836.2
    V279282273275265267
    Cr54.253.660.050.149.047.6
    Ni53.251.550.649.451.852.0
    Nb13.813.513.313.613.513.7
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   赛什腾山富铌玄武岩锆石LA–ICP–MS U–Pb同位素测年结果

    Table  2   LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb isotopic analysis for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain

    样点
    编号
    207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U208Pb/232Th207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U208Pb/232Th232Th238UTh/U谐和
    比值 比值 比值 比值 年龄(Ma) 年龄(Ma) 年龄(Ma) 年龄(Ma)
    10.049 870.001 210.286 160.006 520.0416 20.000 430.014 980.001 081893425652633301222473220.770.97
    20.065 810.000 831.218 750.013 340.134 330.001 160.046 710.002 98001180968137923562304600.501.00
    30.055 390.001 940.543 690.018 050.071 20.000 970.024 020.002 2342850441124436480441181700.691.00
    40.067 820.002 81.351 750.053 450.144 580.002 50.042 260.004 868635386823871148379438460.831.00
    50.056 470.0010.555 80.0090.071 40.000 680.025 210.001 594712044964454503313633810.951.01
    60.082 720.001 081.804 990.020 670.158 280.001 410.088 430.005 5112631010477947817131021373680.371.11
    70.096 350.003 980.5530.020 990.041 630.000 780.021 420.002 5155543447142635428491562780.561.70
    80.068 660.001 611.274 270.027 790.134 620.001 580.049 340.003 8788926834128149973753004900.611.02
    90.134 880.001 677.450 970.081 070.400 690.003 780.129 810.008 08216282167102172172467145991150.861.00
    100.054 360.001 080.532 70.009 770.071 080.000 70.025 440.001 793862443464434508353355890.570.98
    110.050 990.002 270.292 270.012 530.041 580.000 570.015 640.001 2224073260102634314241481181.260.99
    120.055 930.003 50.545 230.032 690.070 720.001 560.029 170.004 734509444221440958193461060.431.00
    130.056 20.002 530.547 820.023 480.070 710.001 20.032 120.004 484606544415440763988551840.301.01
    140.052 40.001 450.302 30.007 890.041 850.000 480.014 830.001 023033926862643298205763461.671.02
    150.111 70.001 35.031 970.049 940.326 750.002 860.106 640.007 06182781825818231420481291273320.381.00
    160.078 270.001 181.899 10.025 70.175 990.001 660.022 90.002 4211541310819104594584825812750.201.10
    170.072 750.001 230.417 780.006 360.041 650.000 390.015 040.000 99100716354526323022010907641.431.35
    180.055 40.000 880.545 810.007 780.071 470.000 640.022 650.001 534281744254454453304745750.830.99
    190.109 150.001 324.795 40.049 750.318 680.002 820.092 010.006 43178581784917831417791191091940.561.00
    200.160 590.002 6310.148 060.156 850.458 370.005 680.127 820.010 5724621224481424322524311891361960.691.01
    210.112 360.003 871.106 640.034 750.071 440.001 230.065 630.007 551838337571744571285143973780.261.70
    220.085 540.001 52.683 720.043 070.227 570.002 380.059 390.004 71328161324121322121166901101550.711.00
    230.093 910.003 240.538 430.017 070.041 590.000 650.025 260.002 77150637437112634504551433750.381.66
    240.090 440.002 080.518 90.010 840.041 620.000 480.019 650.001 714352342472633393342514930.511.61
    250.061 940.001 230.929 190.017 060.108 810.001 080.030 320.003 31672236679666660465221380.161.00
    260.068 720.000 920.673 980.007 760.071 140.000 610.025 810.001 988901152354434515393339510.351.18
    270.154 240.004 010.884 750.020 230.041 610.000 60.013 850.001 13239320644112634278234071602.542.45
    280.118 810.001 845.639 650.079 760.344 330.003 660.112 310.013 861938121922121907182151252283040.091.02
    290.059 620.001 850.766 410.022 650.093 250.001 160.053 930.017 4159042578135757106233441370.031.01
    300.070 690.001 311.356 530.022 970.139 190.001 410.039 110.003 8594819870108408775751686800.251.04
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2022-02-17
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