Genesis and Geological Significance of Late Ordovician Nb-rich Basalts from Tanjianshan Group in Saishitengshan Mountain, Northern Margin of Qaidam Tectonic belt
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摘要:
产于柴北缘构造带西段赛什腾山地区滩间山群中的变玄武岩的结晶年龄为(444±4)Ma,具有富Na2O、贫K2O、高TiO2、Nb及低LILE/HFSE和HREE/HFSE值等特征,球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线整体表现为轻稀土相对富集、重稀土平坦的略向右缓倾型配分模式,且在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图中显示Nb、Ta弱正异常,与富铌玄武岩地球化学特征一致。综合分析表明,赛什腾山富铌玄武岩岩浆源区为尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩,是俯冲大洋板片陡角度回转引起的上涌软流圈地幔在弧后盆地边缘(靠近岛弧侧)与亏损地幔楔混合的产物,指示晚奥陶世柴北缘西段仍处于弧后伸展阶段,陆陆碰撞尚未开始。结合区域已有资料,认为柴北缘滩间山群是晚寒武世—早中志留世洋陆转换过程中不同时期、不同构造背景下(包括洋岛、岛弧、弧后等)的火山-沉积产物,其经历了自大洋俯冲至陆陆碰撞前的整个俯冲消减过程,各类岩石因构造混杂最终保存于柴北缘狭长构造带内。
Abstract:The crystallization age of meta–basalts from Tanjianshan Group in Saishitengshan mountain, in the western part of the northern margin of Qaidam tectonic belt, was 444±4 Ma, which has the characteristics of rich Na2O, poor K2O, high TiO2, Nb, and low LILE/HFSE and HREE/HFSE ratios. The chondrite–normalized REE distribution curve shows a slightly right–leaning distribution pattern with relatively enriched LREE and flat HREE. On the primitive mantle–normalized trace element diagrams, Nb and Ta show weak positive anomalies, which is consistent with the geochemical characteristics of Nb–rich basalts. The comprehensive analysis shows that the magma sources of Nb–rich basalt in Saishiteng Mountain maybe the spinel–phase lherzolite, which is the product of the mixture of upwelling asthenosphere mantle and depleted mantle wedge at the edge of the back–arc basin near the island arc side caused by the steep angleroll–back of the subduction oceanic slab. It indicates that the western part of the northern margin of Qaidam basin was under the stage of back–arc extension during the late Ordovician, and the continental collision had not begun. Combined with the existing regional data, it is considered that the Tanjianshan Group in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin were the volcanic–sedimentary products of different periods and different tectonic settings in the process of ocean–continent transition from Late Cambrian to Early–middle Silurian,and had experienced the whole subduction process from oceanic subduction to continental collision. Due to tectonic mélange, various types of rocks were occurred in the northern margin of Qaidam basin.
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柴达木盆地北缘(柴北缘)构造带位于青藏高原东北部,呈北西–南东向夹持于柴达木地块和祁连地块之间,是一个构造变形复杂、物质组成多样、时间跨度巨大的多单元复合构造带(潘桂堂等,2002;郭安林等,2009)。自20世纪90年代柴北缘构造带发现榴辉岩以来(杨经绥等,1998),前人对构造带内的高压–超高压变质作用(杨经绥等,1998;宋述光等,2001;孟繁聪等,2003;陈丹玲等,2007)和与高压–超高压变质带空间上伴生的早古生代滩间山群浅变质火山–沉积岩系(赖绍聪等,1996;李怀坤等,1999;赵凤清等,2003;王惠初等,2003;朱小辉,2011; 孙华山等,2012;王侃,2014;张孝攀等,2015;Sun et al.,2017;路增龙等,2020;周艳龙,2021)等开展了大量研究。然而,作为柴北缘早古生代重要的火山–沉积建造,滩间山群的时代归属及构造属性存在较大争议(图1a)(邬介人等,1987;赖绍聪等,1996;王惠初等,2003;庄儒新,2006;史仁灯等,2003,2004;Shi et al.,2006;李峰等,2006,2007;孙华山等,2012;汪劲草等,2013;Liang et al.,2014;王侃,2014;张孝攀等,2015;Sun et al.,2017;周宾等,2019;江小强等,2020;路增龙等,2020;周艳龙,2021),导致对柴北缘早古生代构造演化过程(如大洋闭合及陆陆碰撞的具体时限)的认识仍存在分歧(吴才来等,2007,2014;高晓峰等,2011;朱小辉等,2015;夏林圻等,2016)。
特定的镁铁质岩石(组合)的成因研究可有效判别其所经历的地球动力学过程和构造环境(Liu et al.,2017)。富铌玄武岩是一类具有相对高的TiO2(1%~2%)和Nb(>7×10–6)、低LILE/HFSE和HREE/HFSE值及弱Nb、Ta 负异常甚至正异常等特征的玄武岩(Kepezhinaskas et al.,1996;Sajona et al.,1996;张海祥等,2005 ;Wang et al.,2007;Castillo,2012;Liao et al.,2018),通常被认为是由俯冲板片熔体交代的地幔楔橄榄岩部分熔融产生的,是大洋板片俯冲作用的直接产物(Aguillón-Robles et al.,2001;Zhang et al.,2012;Liu et al.,2014;Chen et al.,2016);但也有学者提出富铌玄武岩是深部地幔物质参与下不均一的上地幔部分熔融产物(Petrone et al.,2008;Castillo,2012;Sorbadere et al.,2013)。对其形成时代和成因的准确厘定,可为区域构造演化历史提供有效约束。最近,笔者在柴北缘赛什腾山地区开展专项地质调查时,在滩间山群中识别出一套富铌玄武岩,为探讨柴北缘滩间山群时代归属、构造属性以及柴北缘早古生代构造演化提供了新的载体。由此,本文通过对该富铌玄武岩的地球化学、年代学研究,探讨其岩石成因及构造环境,旨在为柴北缘早古生代的构造格局与演化提供新的约束。
1. 区域地质背景
柴北缘构造带南部以柴北缘深大断裂为界与柴达木地块相接,北部以拉脊山–中祁连南缘断裂与祁连地块毗邻,东西两端分别被哇洪山断裂和阿尔金断裂所围限(辛后田等,2006)。构造带内分别以乌兰–鱼卡断裂和宗务隆–青海南山断裂为界,由南至北由柴北缘早古生代结合带、欧龙布鲁克微地块和宗务隆晚古生代—早中生代裂陷带等3个次一级构造单元组成(潘桂堂等,2002)。研究区位于柴北缘构造带西段赛什腾山西北部,属于早古生代结合带与欧龙布鲁克微地块过渡部位。研究区内出露的地层主要为古元古界达肯大坂岩群和下古生界滩间山群(图1b),整体上呈北西或北北西向展布。区内达肯大坂岩群是一套原岩为火山-碎屑岩系并经历了中高级变质作用的表壳岩组合(陆松年等,2002;王立轩等,2022),局部卷入后期造山过程中使其年轻化、复杂化。根据变形变质程度及岩性组合可划分为4个岩组,与区内滩间山群呈断层接触关系(图2);滩间山群总体为一套早古生代浅变质海相火山–沉积建造,在研究区内主要由浅变质火山碎屑岩夹少量碳酸盐岩、硅质岩和变火山岩组成,变形程度较弱,普遍发育低绿片岩相变质,与区域上滩间山群碎屑岩组可对比(青海地质矿产局,1991),其中浅变质火山碎屑岩主要岩性为灰色–浅灰绿色变(凝灰质)砂岩、灰绿色(凝灰质)千枚岩、灰黑色含炭质粉砂质板岩和灰色钙质粉砂岩,少量断裂带附近的凝灰质砂岩受韧性剪切改造为黑云母长英质糜棱岩;变火山岩呈条带状与变火山碎屑岩互层产出,岩性主要为灰绿色变流纹岩、变英安岩以及灰黑色变玄武岩等组成。晚古生代侵入岩呈岩体或岩脉侵入上述地层之中。
2. 采样位置及岩石学特征
本次用于同位素及地球化学研究的变玄武岩(编号TK02)样品采自赛什腾山西北部滩间山群中,距冷湖镇东约55 km处,采样坐标为93°56′23.4″E、38°36′57.1″N。变玄武岩(TK02)位于达肯大坂岩群与滩间山群断层界线附近,出露宽度约3 m,受后期韧性剪切作用改造呈北西向透镜状产于黑云母长英质糜棱岩之中(图2a)。岩石呈灰黑色,具片状、块状构造,柱状粒状结构,变余斑状结构(图2b、图2c);变余斑晶为由角闪石蚀变而成的压扁拉长状绿帘石,基质主要为细粒柱状斜长石、角闪石、阳起石、绿泥石,含少量石英(图2c、图2d);受后期韧性剪切变形作用影响,矿物发生剪切定向和塑性变形(图2d),高倍镜下可观察到斜长石聚片双晶沿长轴方向定向排列。
3. 分析方法
样品的主微量及稀土元素测试分析在中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心实验测试中心完成,其中主量元素采用SX45型X荧光光谱仪(XRF)进行分析,分析误差小于1%;微量和稀土元素利用SX50型电感耦合等离子体光谱仪(ICP–MS)进行测定,分析误差小于5%~10%。样品锆石挑选由河北廊坊诚信地质服务有限公司完成,锆石的制靶及反射光阴极发光照相在陕西爱思拓普测试技术有限公司完成,测试点的选取首先根据锆石反射光和透射光照片进行初选,再与CL图像反复对比,力求避开内部裂隙和包裹体,以获得较准确的年龄信息。LA–ICP–MS锆石微区U–Pb年龄测定在自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室完成,采用193 nm ArF准分子(excimer)激光器的Geo Las 200M剥蚀系统,ICP–MS为Agilent 7700,激光束斑直径24 μm,以GJ–1为同位素监控标样,91500为年龄标定标样,NIST610为元素含量标样进行校正,普通铅校正依据实测204Pb进行校正。
采用Glitter(ver4.0,Macquarie University)程序对锆石的同位素比值及元素含量进行计算,并按照Andersen Tom的方法(Andersen T,2002),用LAMICPMS Common Lead Correction(ver3.15)对其进行了普通铅校正,年龄计算及谐和图采用Isoplot(ver3.0)完成(Ludwig,2003)。
4. 分析结果
4.1 全岩地球化学
本次选取新鲜、无蚀变或弱蚀变的变玄武岩样品进行全岩地球化学分析,分析结果见表1。赛什腾山滩间山群变玄武岩的烧失量较低(1.64%~1.87%),表明样品受后期低温蚀变作用及风化作用的影响较小。样品中SiO2含量为48.90%~52.05%,具相对高的MgO(4.89%~6.27%)、FeOT(10.17%~11.15%)、CaO(10.56%~11.78%),TiO2(1.35%~1.49%),低于OIB玄武岩,高于岛弧玄武岩,与E–MORB相似。全碱含量较低,K2O=0.39%~0.52%,Na2O=2.43%~3.02%,Na2O/ K2O为5.33~6.23,相对富钠贫钾;P2O5含量较低,为0.13%~0.16%。镁铁比m/f﹝Mg2+/(Fe3++ Fe3++ Mn2+)〕为0.90~1.03,属铁质基性岩类(m/f=0.5~2);扣除烧失量作归一化处理后分别对变玄武岩的6个样品进行投图,在哈克图解(图略)中除FeO、TiO2、Al2O3与MgO呈正相关关系外,其它主量元素与MgO相关性不明显, 暗示在变玄武岩形成过程中,分离结晶作用所起的作用有限;在Zr/TiO2–Nb/Y图解中样品均落入亚碱性玄武岩与碱性玄武岩边界附近(图3a),在AFM图解(图3b)和FeOT–FeOT/MgO图解(图3c)中样品均投到拉斑玄武岩系列范围内,综合认为赛什腾山变玄武岩为拉斑玄武岩。
表 1 赛什腾山变玄武岩主量元素(%)、微量元素(10−6)及稀土元素(10−6)含量分析结果Table 1. Major element (%), trace element (10−6) and REE element (10−6) compositions of meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain样号 TK02-1 TK02-2 TK02-3 TK02-4 TK02-5 TK02-6 SiO2 50.08 48.90 49.38 49.48 49.43 52.05 Al2O3 15.46 15.55 15.45 15.54 15.56 14.98 Fe2O3 4.88 5.23 5.41 4.81 4.40 5.30 FeO 6.29 6.44 6.11 6.34 6.74 5.40 CaO 11.16 11.78 11.47 11.17 10.52 11.15 MgO 5.58 5.87 5.62 5.81 6.27 4.89 K2O 0.46 0.43 0.48 0.47 0.52 0.39 Na2O 2.60 2.44 2.56 2.73 3.02 2.43 TiO2 1.45 1.44 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.39 P2O5 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.13 MnO 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.130 LOI 1.76 1.64 1.76 1.87 1.77 1.76 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 TFeO 10.68 11.15 10.98 10.67 10.70 10.17 m/f 0.92 0.93 0.90 0.96 1.03 0.85 La 11.9 11.7 11.9 11.4 11.0 11.2 Ce 25.1 24.3 24.0 23.6 24.0 24.2 Pr 3.40 3.29 3.22 3.18 3.35 3.16 Nd 14.6 14.0 14.2 13.7 14.3 13.7 Sm 3.41 3.33 3.30 3.21 3.31 3.19 Eu 1.19 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.14 1.16 Gd 3.55 3.59 3.62 3.43 3.51 3.41 Tb 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.61 0.58 Dy 3.50 3.51 3.53 3.40 3.50 3.30 Ho 0.69 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.64 Er 1.87 1.87 1.93 1.84 1.82 1.74 Tm 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.25 Yb 1.81 1.71 1.71 1.77 1.76 1.70 Lu 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.23 Ba 111.0 80.4 82.0 83.8 98.4 79.5 Rb 16.1 8.7 9.1 9.0 10.5 8.3 Sr 286 273 267 245 256 284 Co 42.6 42.8 38.6 38.3 43.8 36.2 V 279 282 273 275 265 267 Cr 54.2 53.6 60.0 50.1 49.0 47.6 Ni 53.2 51.5 50.6 49.4 51.8 52.0 Nb 13.8 13.5 13.3 13.6 13.5 13.7 图 3 赛什腾山变玄武岩Zr/TiO2–Nb/Y分类图(a)(底图据Irvine T N,1971)、AFM图解(b)(底图据Winchester J A,1971)及TFeO–TFeO/MgO图解(c)(底图据Miyashiro A,1974)Figure 3. (a) TAS diagram, (b) AFM diagram and (c) TFeO vs. TFeO / MgO diagram for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain赛什腾山滩间山群变玄武岩稀土总量(ΣREE)较低,为80.26×10−6~112.47×10−6,LREE=56.26×10−6~59.20×10−6,高于E–MORB而低于OIB, HREE含量则稍低于E–MORB(22.48×10−6~55.86×10−6);LREE/HREE=1.01~2.57,(La/Yb)N =4.21~4.69,表明样品中轻稀土弱富集,轻重稀土元素分异不明显;(La/Sm)N=2.09~2.27,(Gd/Yb)N=1.56~1.71,显示轻、重稀土内部分异也不明显;σEu=1.02~1.07,为弱正异常,表明源区斜长石分离结晶不明显(韩吟文等,2004)。在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图上,各样品具有与E–MORB相似的稀土分布模式(图4a),即LREE相对富集、HREE平坦的略向右缓倾型配分模式。样品具富Nb(13.3×10−6~13.8×10−6)以及高的(Nb/Th)PM(1.10~1.63)、(Nb/La)PM(1.08~1.18)和Nb/U(50.7~66.3)特征,在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图中显示Nb、Ta弱正异常(图4b),此类地球化学特征与正常岛弧玄武岩不同,而与富铌玄武岩相似(Sajona et al.,1996;张海祥等,2005;Wang et al.,2007;Castillo,2012;Liao et al.,2018),在MgO–Nb/La和Nb–Nb/U图解(图5)中,均落入富铌玄武岩区域,表明柴北缘赛什腾山变玄武岩属富铌玄武岩系列。
图 5 赛什腾山变玄武岩MgO–Nb/La图解(a)和 Nb–Nb/U图解(b)(底图据Kepezhinskas et al.,1997)球粒陨石标准化值及原始地幔标准化值据Sun et al.,1989Figure 5. (a) MgO vs. Nb/La diagram and (b) Nb vs. Nb/U diagram for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain4.2 U–Pb同位素测年
在背散射电子(BSE)和阴极发光(CL)图像分析的基础上,选择样品中30颗锆石开展LA–ICP–MS锆石微区U–Pb年龄测定。锆石阴极发光(CL)图像见于图6,锆石表面年龄数据及Th、U元素含量见表2。得到的锆石年龄数据为263~2 462 Ma(<1000 Ma为206Pb–238U年龄,>1 000 Ma为206Pb/207Pb年龄),其中8颗锆石具有差的谐和度(<0.90或>1.10),偏离谐和曲线,其余22颗均在U–Pb谐和曲线之上或附近。22颗锆石中有6颗年龄较为集中(440 ~445 Ma),谐和线年龄为(444±4)Ma(MSWD=0.14),206Pb/238U表面年龄加权平均值为(443±3)Ma(MSWD=0.14),锆石晶体多呈四方柱与四方双锥的聚形,具特征的岩浆震荡环带和较高的Th/U值(0.30~0.95),稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式显示锆石显著富集HREE,并具有明显的正Ce异常和负Eu异常(图略),表明此6颗锆石为典型的岩浆锆石成因,故其年龄可代表富铌玄武岩的形成时代,即晚奥陶世。此外,4颗锆石(9、15、20、28号)的206Pb/207Pb年龄为1 827 ~2 462 Ma,锆石呈近椭圆状,为捕获锆石,指示研究区存在古元古代基底;9颗锆石表面年龄为575~1 785 Ma,锆石Th/U值为0.03~0.83,CL图像显示锆石晶面复杂或发育震荡环带(如4号锆石),表明这些捕获锆石可能是早期岩浆或变质事件的产物(辜平阳等,2020);另在2颗锆石(11、14号)变质增生边上获得263 Ma 的206Pb/238U年龄,与中二叠世宗务隆洋俯冲消减时间一致(庄玉军等,2020),可能是这次强烈构造–热事件的反映。
表 2 赛什腾山富铌玄武岩锆石LA–ICP–MS U–Pb同位素测年结果Table 2. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb isotopic analysis for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain样点
编号207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 208Pb/232Th 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 208Pb/232Th 232Th 238U Th/U 谐和
度比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 年龄(Ma) 1σ 年龄(Ma) 1σ 年龄(Ma) 1σ 年龄(Ma) 1σ 1 0.049 87 0.001 21 0.286 16 0.006 52 0.0416 2 0.000 43 0.014 98 0.001 08 189 34 256 5 263 3 301 22 247 322 0.77 0.97 2 0.065 81 0.000 83 1.218 75 0.013 34 0.134 33 0.001 16 0.046 71 0.002 9 800 11 809 6 813 7 923 56 230 460 0.50 1.00 3 0.055 39 0.001 94 0.543 69 0.018 05 0.071 2 0.000 97 0.024 02 0.002 23 428 50 441 12 443 6 480 44 118 170 0.69 1.00 4 0.067 82 0.002 8 1.351 75 0.053 45 0.144 58 0.002 5 0.042 26 0.004 86 863 53 868 23 871 14 837 94 38 46 0.83 1.00 5 0.056 47 0.001 0.555 8 0.009 0.071 4 0.000 68 0.025 21 0.001 59 471 20 449 6 445 4 503 31 363 381 0.95 1.01 6 0.082 72 0.001 08 1.804 99 0.020 67 0.158 28 0.001 41 0.088 43 0.005 51 1263 10 1047 7 947 8 1713 102 137 368 0.37 1.11 7 0.096 35 0.003 98 0.553 0.020 99 0.041 63 0.000 78 0.021 42 0.002 5 1555 43 447 14 263 5 428 49 156 278 0.56 1.70 8 0.068 66 0.001 61 1.274 27 0.027 79 0.134 62 0.001 58 0.049 34 0.003 87 889 26 834 12 814 9 973 75 300 490 0.61 1.02 9 0.134 88 0.001 67 7.450 97 0.081 07 0.400 69 0.003 78 0.129 81 0.008 08 2162 8 2167 10 2172 17 2467 145 99 115 0.86 1.00 10 0.054 36 0.001 08 0.532 7 0.009 77 0.071 08 0.000 7 0.025 44 0.001 79 386 24 434 6 443 4 508 35 335 589 0.57 0.98 11 0.050 99 0.002 27 0.292 27 0.012 53 0.041 58 0.000 57 0.015 64 0.001 22 240 73 260 10 263 4 314 24 148 118 1.26 0.99 12 0.055 93 0.003 5 0.545 23 0.032 69 0.070 72 0.001 56 0.029 17 0.004 73 450 94 442 21 440 9 581 93 46 106 0.43 1.00 13 0.056 2 0.002 53 0.547 82 0.023 48 0.070 71 0.001 2 0.032 12 0.004 48 460 65 444 15 440 7 639 88 55 184 0.30 1.01 14 0.052 4 0.001 45 0.302 3 0.007 89 0.041 85 0.000 48 0.014 83 0.001 02 303 39 268 6 264 3 298 20 576 346 1.67 1.02 15 0.111 7 0.001 3 5.031 97 0.049 94 0.326 75 0.002 86 0.106 64 0.007 06 1827 8 1825 8 1823 14 2048 129 127 332 0.38 1.00 16 0.078 27 0.001 18 1.899 1 0.025 7 0.175 99 0.001 66 0.022 9 0.002 42 1154 13 1081 9 1045 9 458 48 258 1275 0.20 1.10 17 0.072 75 0.001 23 0.417 78 0.006 36 0.041 65 0.000 39 0.015 04 0.000 99 1007 16 354 5 263 2 302 20 1090 764 1.43 1.35 18 0.055 4 0.000 88 0.545 81 0.007 78 0.071 47 0.000 64 0.022 65 0.001 53 428 17 442 5 445 4 453 30 474 575 0.83 0.99 19 0.109 15 0.001 32 4.795 4 0.049 75 0.318 68 0.002 82 0.092 01 0.006 43 1785 8 1784 9 1783 14 1779 119 109 194 0.56 1.00 20 0.160 59 0.002 63 10.148 06 0.156 85 0.458 37 0.005 68 0.127 82 0.010 57 2462 12 2448 14 2432 25 2431 189 136 196 0.69 1.01 21 0.112 36 0.003 87 1.106 64 0.034 75 0.071 44 0.001 23 0.065 63 0.007 55 1838 33 757 17 445 7 1285 143 97 378 0.26 1.70 22 0.085 54 0.001 5 2.683 72 0.043 07 0.227 57 0.002 38 0.059 39 0.004 7 1328 16 1324 12 1322 12 1166 90 110 155 0.71 1.00 23 0.093 91 0.003 24 0.538 43 0.017 07 0.041 59 0.000 65 0.025 26 0.002 77 1506 37 437 11 263 4 504 55 143 375 0.38 1.66 24 0.090 44 0.002 08 0.518 9 0.010 84 0.041 62 0.000 48 0.019 65 0.001 7 1435 23 424 7 263 3 393 34 251 493 0.51 1.61 25 0.061 94 0.001 23 0.929 19 0.017 06 0.108 81 0.001 08 0.030 32 0.003 31 672 23 667 9 666 6 604 65 22 138 0.16 1.00 26 0.068 72 0.000 92 0.673 98 0.007 76 0.071 14 0.000 61 0.025 81 0.001 98 890 11 523 5 443 4 515 39 333 951 0.35 1.18 27 0.154 24 0.004 01 0.884 75 0.020 23 0.041 61 0.000 6 0.013 85 0.001 13 2393 20 644 11 263 4 278 23 407 160 2.54 2.45 28 0.118 81 0.001 84 5.639 65 0.079 76 0.344 33 0.003 66 0.112 31 0.013 86 1938 12 1922 12 1907 18 2151 252 28 304 0.09 1.02 29 0.059 62 0.001 85 0.766 41 0.022 65 0.093 25 0.001 16 0.053 93 0.017 41 590 42 578 13 575 7 1062 334 4 137 0.03 1.01 30 0.070 69 0.001 31 1.356 53 0.022 97 0.139 19 0.001 41 0.039 11 0.003 85 948 19 870 10 840 8 775 75 168 680 0.25 1.04 5. 岩石成因
因REE和部分HFSE元素(包括Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th、Ce、U、Ti等)的活动性较差,其含量基本不受后期蚀变或热液作用影响,甚至在高级变质作用中亦能相对稳定(Hajash A Jr,1984;Becker H et al.,1999;Escuder-Viruete J et al.,2010),故常用上述不活动元素对岩浆演化过程及源区进行示踪。
(1)同化混染与分离结晶
赛什腾山富铌玄武岩中捕获锆石或继承锆石的存在,表明存在一定程度的地壳混染作用。众所周知,地壳同化混染可导致显著的Nb亏损(夏林圻等,2016),然而赛什腾山富铌玄武岩在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图中却显示Nb弱正异常,暗示其遭受地壳同化混染程度可能较弱。此外,在封闭的岩浆体系中,元素丰度随结晶程度不同而发生相应变化,但总分配系数相同或者很相近的元素比值不会因结晶作用而改变,若有外来物质显著混染,则会导致这些元素比值发生巨大变化(张永,2019),因此常用总分配系数相同或者很相近且对同化混染作用敏感的元素比值(如Nb /U、Nb/La、Th/Nb、La/Sm等)来判定是否发生同化混染作用。高的La/Sm(>5)(Lassiter et al.,1997;张永等,2019)和原始地幔标准化 Th/Nb 值(
$\gg $ 1)(Ormerod,1988)以及低Nb/La 值(<1)(Ernst et al.,2000)均是判断发生地壳混染作用的可靠微量元素指标(庄玉军等,2020)。赛什腾山富铌玄武岩La/Sm<5(3.32~3.61),(Th/Nb)PM<1(0.61~0.91),Nb/La>1(1.12~1.23),均指示富铌玄武岩形成过程未遭受或仅遭受弱的地壳混染。综合上述分析可知,赛什腾山富铌玄武岩形成过程中虽存在弱的地壳混染作用,但对岩石微量元素组成的影响有限。此外,如前所述,哈克图解中除FeO、TiO2、Al2O3与MgO呈正相关关系外,其它主量元素与MgO相关性不明显,暗示在富铌玄武岩形成过程中,分离结晶作用所起的作用不明显。(2)源区性质与部分熔融
因LREE和HREE在不同的岩浆源区具有不同的矿物相/熔体相分配系数,故可用来限定地幔岩浆源区的组分及部分熔融的程度(Shaw et al.,2003)。赛什腾山富铌玄武岩具LREE相对富集、HREE平坦及低的(La/Yb)N(4.21~4.69)和(Gd/Yb)N(1.56~1.71),暗示其源区可能无石榴子石存在(蓝江波等,2007;Pollock et al.,2010)。富铌玄武岩(Tb/Yb)PM<1.8(1.51~1.62),与尖晶石橄榄岩平衡熔体的(Tb/Yb)PM值一致,在(Tb/Yb)PM –(La/Sm)PM图解中(图7a)落入尖晶石二辉橄榄岩,表明岩石部分熔融可能发生在尖晶石稳定区域,而非石榴石稳定区域(解超明等,2019;Wang et al.,2002)。在Ce/Y–Zr/Nb图解中(图7b),样品均位于原始尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩低程度熔融区域(<0.5%),进一步表明富铌玄武岩的岩浆源区为尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩。
(3)构造环境
前已提及,富铌玄武岩主要有2种成因机制:①俯冲板片熔融形成的埃达克质岩浆交代的地幔楔橄榄岩部分熔融产物(Aguillón-Robles et al.,2001;Zhang et al.,2012;Liu et al.,2014;Chen et al.,2016)。②由富集地幔或洋岛玄武岩与亏损地幔混合的产物(Castillo,2008;Petrone et al.,2008;Sorbadere et al.,2013),如北美西部出露大规模的富铌玄武岩,被认为是从科迪勒拉板片窗上涌的软流圈地幔与俯冲交代的地幔楔相互作用的产物(Thorkelson et al.,2011)。然而,柴北缘已报道的与赛什腾山富铌玄武岩同时期的埃达克岩成因多与板片早期俯冲无关,而是加厚地壳部分熔融(于胜尧等,2011;周宾等,2014;杨士杰,2016)或陆壳折返阶段榴辉岩部分熔融的产物(李治华,2021);此外,与板片俯冲有关的埃达克岩是热的(即高温榴辉岩相)俯冲条件下部分熔融形成的(路增龙等,2020),但柴北缘地区早古生代与洋壳俯冲相关的榴辉岩均形成于相对冷的俯冲环境下(Zhang et al.,2008a,2008b),在此环境下洋壳难以部分熔融形成埃达克质岩浆,进而也不可能交代地幔楔橄榄岩形成富铌玄武岩。综上可排除赛什腾山富铌玄武岩来源于俯冲板片熔体交代的地幔楔橄榄岩部分熔融产物的可能。
柴北缘赛什腾山富铌玄武岩富Na2O、贫K2O,具相对高的TiO2和弱的Nb、Ta正异常,其球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线和原始地幔标准化蛛网配分形式与E–MORB类似,且在Zr–Ti图解(图8a)和Nb/Yb–Th/Yb图解(图8b)中样品均落在E-MORB区域附近或内部,表明其岩浆源区有富集地幔组分的加入。前人研究表明,早寒武世—晚奥陶世期间(520~445 Ma),柴北缘低角度北向俯冲的大洋板片发生陡角度回转,诱发软流圈地幔上涌,引起弧后伸展进而形成弧后盆地(夏林圻等,2016),而上涌软流圈地幔在弧后盆地边缘(靠近岛弧侧)与上覆亏损地幔楔混合,形成富铌玄武岩的源区,即低程度部分熔融(<0.5%)的尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩,后沿构造薄弱部位喷出地表,形成赛什腾山富铌玄武岩(图9)。
图 8 赛什腾山富铌玄武岩Zr–Ti图解(a)和Th/Yb–Ta/Yb图解(a)(底图据Pearce J A,1982)Figure 8. (a) Zr vs Ti diagrams and (b) Th/Yb vs Ta/Yb diagrams for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain图 9 赛什腾山富铌玄武岩成因模式图(据周艳龙,2021修改)Figure 9. The genetic model map for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain6. 地质意义
20世纪90年代以来,柴北缘因发现早古生代大陆深俯冲的高压–超高压变质岩石(杨经绥等,1998;宋述光等,2001;孟繁聪等,2003;陈丹玲等,2007),而引起了国内外学者的广泛关注(Song et al., 2006, 2014;Mattinson et al., 2006;Zhang et al.,2008a,2008b,2010;Chen et al.,2009;Xiong et al., 2011;张贵宾等,2012),并针对其早古生代地球动力学背景和构造演化等开展了大量的研究工作,认为区内在早古生代经历了大洋板片俯冲→弧后拉伸→洋盆闭合→弧-陆碰撞和陆–陆碰撞→碰撞后板块折返→后造山陆内伸展的完整造山旋回(史仁灯等,2003;王惠初等,2005;吴才来等,2007;吴才来等,2008;高晓峰等,2011;Zhang et al.,2011;周宾等,2013;朱小辉等,2015;邱士东等,2015;宋述光等,2015;庄玉军等,2019),但学者们对大洋闭合及陆陆碰撞的具体时限还存在争议。吴才来等(2007)通过锆石SHRIMP定年得出柴北缘西段柴达木山S型花岗岩结晶年龄为(446.3±3.9)Ma,并认为该年龄反映了柴达木板块与中南祁连板块陆陆碰撞的时代;朱小辉等(2015)对柴北缘地区陆壳深俯冲前新元古代—早古生代大洋发展与演化的岩石记录进行了系统总结,认为洋盆闭合于460~450 Ma;夏林圻等(2016)总结柴北缘高压–超高压变质带中与大洋俯冲有关的高压变质作用峰期年龄和与大陆俯冲有关的超高压变质作用峰期年龄分别为476~442 Ma和440~421 Ma,并据此认为南祁连洋闭合时限为441 Ma,随后转入陆陆碰撞阶段;而周宾等(2019)在绿梁山识别出形成于弧后盆地环境的中志留世玄武安山岩(431.5±5.7 Ma),笔者也在赛什腾山发现产于硅质岩与凝灰岩之间的与弧后盆地环境相关的早志留世流纹岩(436±2 Ma,未发表数据),均暗示在早—中志留世柴北缘尚有部分地区未发生陆陆碰撞。赛什腾山富铌玄武岩形成于晚奥陶世(444±4 Ma),是俯冲大洋板片陡角度回转引起的上涌软流圈地幔在弧后盆地边缘(靠近岛弧侧)与上覆亏损地幔楔混合的产物,这表明晚奥陶世柴北缘西段仍处于弧后伸展阶段,同时也说明该时期柴北缘西段陆陆碰撞尚未开始。而造成上述构造环境差异的原因,可能与区内不同地段板块形状不规则有关(吴才来等,2007)。
此外,作为滩间山群物质组成部分,与弧后伸展环境有关的赛什腾山晚奥陶世富铌玄武岩的发现,表明晚奥陶世晚期(444 Ma)区域内与滩间山群有关的火山–沉积作用仍在继续,即滩间山群形成时代至少可延至晚奥陶世晚期。而前人基于野外地质特征、古生物组合、同位素年龄、构造–热事件和火山–沉积演化等不同研究视角,先后分别对柴北缘滩间山群形成时代进行了厘定,提出中—晚奥陶世(Liang et al.,2014)、奥陶纪(李峰等,2006、2007;江小强等,2020)、晚奥陶世—志留纪(青海地质矿产局,1991)、早奥陶世(李怀坤等,1999;赵凤清等,2003)、寒武纪—奥陶纪(王惠初等,2003;高晓峰等,2011;王侃,2014)、奥陶纪-志留纪(庄儒新,2006)、晚寒武世—晚奥陶世(汪劲草等,2013)、晚寒武世—早奥陶世(张孝攀等,2015)、晚寒武世—早志留世(周宾等,2019;周艳龙,2021)等不同观点;而滩间山群形成的构造环境也同样存在诸如大陆裂谷(邬介人,1987)、洋岛或洋脊(赖绍聪等,1996;朱小辉等,2015)、岛弧(高晓峰等,2011;王侃,2014;路增龙等,2020)、弧前盆地(朱小辉,2011)及弧后盆地(孙华山等,2012;Sun et al.,2017)等环境的争议;另有部分学者认为滩间山群是洋陆俯冲过程中不同阶段(如岛弧和弧后盆地)(王惠初等,2003;史仁灯等,2004;Shi et al.,2006;汪劲草等,2013;张孝攀等,2015)的产物。存在上述争议的原因,笔者认为可能与柴北缘构造带在早古生代及其以后遭受了包括大陆深俯冲在内的多期强烈地质作用改造有关,构造混杂作用导致滩间山群中大量不同时代、不同构造环境成因的岩石混杂堆积在狭长构造带之内,如赛什腾山地区既存在代表大洋早期俯冲的晚寒武世埃达克质英安岩(史仁灯等,2003),又存在与弧后伸展有关的晚奥陶世富铌玄武岩。基于上述分析,笔者认为柴北缘滩间山群是晚寒武世—早中志留世洋陆转换过程中不同时期、不同构造背景下(包括洋岛、岛弧、弧后等)的火山–沉积产物,其经历了自大洋俯冲至陆陆碰撞前的整个俯冲消减过程,因构造混杂导致各类岩石混杂堆积于柴北缘狭长构造带内。
7. 结论
(1)柴北缘赛什腾山滩间山群变玄武岩具富Na2O、Nb、高TiO2以及低LILE/HFSE和HREE/HFSE的地球化学特征,为富铌玄武岩。
(2)赛什腾山富铌玄武岩结晶年龄为(444±4)Ma,岩浆源区为尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩,是俯冲大洋板片陡角度回转引起的上涌软流圈地幔在弧后盆地边缘(靠近岛弧侧)与上覆亏损地幔楔混合的产物,表明晚奥陶世柴北缘西段仍处于弧后伸展阶段,陆陆碰撞尚未开始。
(3)结合前人相关研究,认为柴北缘滩间山群是晚寒武世—早中志留世洋陆转换过程中不同时期、不同构造背景下的火山–沉积产物,其经历了自大洋俯冲至陆陆碰撞前的整个俯冲消减过程,在形成后遭受多次强烈构造作用改造,致使不同构造背景的岩石混杂堆积于狭长构造带内。
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图 3 赛什腾山变玄武岩Zr/TiO2–Nb/Y分类图(a)(底图据Irvine T N,1971)、AFM图解(b)(底图据Winchester J A,1971)及TFeO–TFeO/MgO图解(c)(底图据Miyashiro A,1974)
Figure 3. (a) TAS diagram, (b) AFM diagram and (c) TFeO vs. TFeO / MgO diagram for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain
图 5 赛什腾山变玄武岩MgO–Nb/La图解(a)和 Nb–Nb/U图解(b)(底图据Kepezhinskas et al.,1997)
球粒陨石标准化值及原始地幔标准化值据Sun et al.,1989
Figure 5. (a) MgO vs. Nb/La diagram and (b) Nb vs. Nb/U diagram for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain
图 7 赛什腾山富铌玄武岩(Tb/Yb)PM –(La/Sm)PM图解(a)(底图据Wang et al.,2002)和Ce/Y–Zr/Nb图解(b)(底图据Deniel,1998)
Figure 7. (a)(Tb/Yb)PM vs La/Sm)PM diagrams and (b) Ce/Y vs Zr/Nb diagrams for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain
图 8 赛什腾山富铌玄武岩Zr–Ti图解(a)和Th/Yb–Ta/Yb图解(a)(底图据Pearce J A,1982)
Figure 8. (a) Zr vs Ti diagrams and (b) Th/Yb vs Ta/Yb diagrams for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain
图 9 赛什腾山富铌玄武岩成因模式图(据周艳龙,2021修改)
Figure 9. The genetic model map for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain
表 1 赛什腾山变玄武岩主量元素(%)、微量元素(10−6)及稀土元素(10−6)含量分析结果
Table 1 Major element (%), trace element (10−6) and REE element (10−6) compositions of meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain
样号 TK02-1 TK02-2 TK02-3 TK02-4 TK02-5 TK02-6 SiO2 50.08 48.90 49.38 49.48 49.43 52.05 Al2O3 15.46 15.55 15.45 15.54 15.56 14.98 Fe2O3 4.88 5.23 5.41 4.81 4.40 5.30 FeO 6.29 6.44 6.11 6.34 6.74 5.40 CaO 11.16 11.78 11.47 11.17 10.52 11.15 MgO 5.58 5.87 5.62 5.81 6.27 4.89 K2O 0.46 0.43 0.48 0.47 0.52 0.39 Na2O 2.60 2.44 2.56 2.73 3.02 2.43 TiO2 1.45 1.44 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.39 P2O5 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.13 MnO 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.130 LOI 1.76 1.64 1.76 1.87 1.77 1.76 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 TFeO 10.68 11.15 10.98 10.67 10.70 10.17 m/f 0.92 0.93 0.90 0.96 1.03 0.85 La 11.9 11.7 11.9 11.4 11.0 11.2 Ce 25.1 24.3 24.0 23.6 24.0 24.2 Pr 3.40 3.29 3.22 3.18 3.35 3.16 Nd 14.6 14.0 14.2 13.7 14.3 13.7 Sm 3.41 3.33 3.30 3.21 3.31 3.19 Eu 1.19 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.14 1.16 Gd 3.55 3.59 3.62 3.43 3.51 3.41 Tb 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.61 0.58 Dy 3.50 3.51 3.53 3.40 3.50 3.30 Ho 0.69 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.64 Er 1.87 1.87 1.93 1.84 1.82 1.74 Tm 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.25 Yb 1.81 1.71 1.71 1.77 1.76 1.70 Lu 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.23 Ba 111.0 80.4 82.0 83.8 98.4 79.5 Rb 16.1 8.7 9.1 9.0 10.5 8.3 Sr 286 273 267 245 256 284 Co 42.6 42.8 38.6 38.3 43.8 36.2 V 279 282 273 275 265 267 Cr 54.2 53.6 60.0 50.1 49.0 47.6 Ni 53.2 51.5 50.6 49.4 51.8 52.0 Nb 13.8 13.5 13.3 13.6 13.5 13.7 表 2 赛什腾山富铌玄武岩锆石LA–ICP–MS U–Pb同位素测年结果
Table 2 LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb isotopic analysis for meta–basalts of Saishiteng mountain
样点
编号207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 208Pb/232Th 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 208Pb/232Th 232Th 238U Th/U 谐和
度比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 年龄(Ma) 1σ 年龄(Ma) 1σ 年龄(Ma) 1σ 年龄(Ma) 1σ 1 0.049 87 0.001 21 0.286 16 0.006 52 0.0416 2 0.000 43 0.014 98 0.001 08 189 34 256 5 263 3 301 22 247 322 0.77 0.97 2 0.065 81 0.000 83 1.218 75 0.013 34 0.134 33 0.001 16 0.046 71 0.002 9 800 11 809 6 813 7 923 56 230 460 0.50 1.00 3 0.055 39 0.001 94 0.543 69 0.018 05 0.071 2 0.000 97 0.024 02 0.002 23 428 50 441 12 443 6 480 44 118 170 0.69 1.00 4 0.067 82 0.002 8 1.351 75 0.053 45 0.144 58 0.002 5 0.042 26 0.004 86 863 53 868 23 871 14 837 94 38 46 0.83 1.00 5 0.056 47 0.001 0.555 8 0.009 0.071 4 0.000 68 0.025 21 0.001 59 471 20 449 6 445 4 503 31 363 381 0.95 1.01 6 0.082 72 0.001 08 1.804 99 0.020 67 0.158 28 0.001 41 0.088 43 0.005 51 1263 10 1047 7 947 8 1713 102 137 368 0.37 1.11 7 0.096 35 0.003 98 0.553 0.020 99 0.041 63 0.000 78 0.021 42 0.002 5 1555 43 447 14 263 5 428 49 156 278 0.56 1.70 8 0.068 66 0.001 61 1.274 27 0.027 79 0.134 62 0.001 58 0.049 34 0.003 87 889 26 834 12 814 9 973 75 300 490 0.61 1.02 9 0.134 88 0.001 67 7.450 97 0.081 07 0.400 69 0.003 78 0.129 81 0.008 08 2162 8 2167 10 2172 17 2467 145 99 115 0.86 1.00 10 0.054 36 0.001 08 0.532 7 0.009 77 0.071 08 0.000 7 0.025 44 0.001 79 386 24 434 6 443 4 508 35 335 589 0.57 0.98 11 0.050 99 0.002 27 0.292 27 0.012 53 0.041 58 0.000 57 0.015 64 0.001 22 240 73 260 10 263 4 314 24 148 118 1.26 0.99 12 0.055 93 0.003 5 0.545 23 0.032 69 0.070 72 0.001 56 0.029 17 0.004 73 450 94 442 21 440 9 581 93 46 106 0.43 1.00 13 0.056 2 0.002 53 0.547 82 0.023 48 0.070 71 0.001 2 0.032 12 0.004 48 460 65 444 15 440 7 639 88 55 184 0.30 1.01 14 0.052 4 0.001 45 0.302 3 0.007 89 0.041 85 0.000 48 0.014 83 0.001 02 303 39 268 6 264 3 298 20 576 346 1.67 1.02 15 0.111 7 0.001 3 5.031 97 0.049 94 0.326 75 0.002 86 0.106 64 0.007 06 1827 8 1825 8 1823 14 2048 129 127 332 0.38 1.00 16 0.078 27 0.001 18 1.899 1 0.025 7 0.175 99 0.001 66 0.022 9 0.002 42 1154 13 1081 9 1045 9 458 48 258 1275 0.20 1.10 17 0.072 75 0.001 23 0.417 78 0.006 36 0.041 65 0.000 39 0.015 04 0.000 99 1007 16 354 5 263 2 302 20 1090 764 1.43 1.35 18 0.055 4 0.000 88 0.545 81 0.007 78 0.071 47 0.000 64 0.022 65 0.001 53 428 17 442 5 445 4 453 30 474 575 0.83 0.99 19 0.109 15 0.001 32 4.795 4 0.049 75 0.318 68 0.002 82 0.092 01 0.006 43 1785 8 1784 9 1783 14 1779 119 109 194 0.56 1.00 20 0.160 59 0.002 63 10.148 06 0.156 85 0.458 37 0.005 68 0.127 82 0.010 57 2462 12 2448 14 2432 25 2431 189 136 196 0.69 1.01 21 0.112 36 0.003 87 1.106 64 0.034 75 0.071 44 0.001 23 0.065 63 0.007 55 1838 33 757 17 445 7 1285 143 97 378 0.26 1.70 22 0.085 54 0.001 5 2.683 72 0.043 07 0.227 57 0.002 38 0.059 39 0.004 7 1328 16 1324 12 1322 12 1166 90 110 155 0.71 1.00 23 0.093 91 0.003 24 0.538 43 0.017 07 0.041 59 0.000 65 0.025 26 0.002 77 1506 37 437 11 263 4 504 55 143 375 0.38 1.66 24 0.090 44 0.002 08 0.518 9 0.010 84 0.041 62 0.000 48 0.019 65 0.001 7 1435 23 424 7 263 3 393 34 251 493 0.51 1.61 25 0.061 94 0.001 23 0.929 19 0.017 06 0.108 81 0.001 08 0.030 32 0.003 31 672 23 667 9 666 6 604 65 22 138 0.16 1.00 26 0.068 72 0.000 92 0.673 98 0.007 76 0.071 14 0.000 61 0.025 81 0.001 98 890 11 523 5 443 4 515 39 333 951 0.35 1.18 27 0.154 24 0.004 01 0.884 75 0.020 23 0.041 61 0.000 6 0.013 85 0.001 13 2393 20 644 11 263 4 278 23 407 160 2.54 2.45 28 0.118 81 0.001 84 5.639 65 0.079 76 0.344 33 0.003 66 0.112 31 0.013 86 1938 12 1922 12 1907 18 2151 252 28 304 0.09 1.02 29 0.059 62 0.001 85 0.766 41 0.022 65 0.093 25 0.001 16 0.053 93 0.017 41 590 42 578 13 575 7 1062 334 4 137 0.03 1.01 30 0.070 69 0.001 31 1.356 53 0.022 97 0.139 19 0.001 41 0.039 11 0.003 85 948 19 870 10 840 8 775 75 168 680 0.25 1.04 -
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