Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Cr6+ in Soil and Groundwater of a Chemical Plant
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摘要:
为掌握某化工厂Cr6+污染状况及风险水平，在研究区布设土壤与地下水采样点各19个，测定Cr6+含量，分析污染特征与成因，并开展健康风险评估。结果表明：表层土壤（0～0.5 m）Cr6+超标率为42.11%，其浓度随深度增加总体上降低，但在地下水位附近（15～20 m）回升，主要因长期淋溶作用使污染物向下迁移至含水层位富集。浅层地下水Cr6+超标率为73.68%，深层地下水超标率为37.50%。整体而言该区土壤和地下水Cr6+污染形势不容乐观，应开展水土协同治理。空间上表层土壤Cr6+分布受人类活动影响，与投产期厂内功能区的划分相关性较低。地下水Cr6+受水动力场影响，表现为西北高东南低，污染羽中心向下游方向迁移。土壤致癌风险均值为1.85×10−6，介于10−6~10−4，风险中等，应引起必要重视。非致癌风险低于1，无慢性毒害影响。经口摄入土壤为主要暴露途径。地下水致癌风险高达10−2数量级，远超过10−4，风险不可接受。非致癌风险均值51.62，远大于1，极可能引发慢性毒害效应。另外需进一步考虑Cr6+通过牛羊肉食物链进入人体的危害。
Abstract:In order to clarify the Cr6+ pollution status and risk level of a chemical plant, 19 soil and groundwater sampling points were laid in the study area, and the content of Cr6+ was measured, to analyze the pollution characteristics and causes, and to carry out health risk assessment. The results showed that the excess rate of Cr6+ in topsoil (0~0.5 m) was 42.11%. In general, the Cr6+ concentration in soil decreased with the increase of depth, but it rose up near the groundwater level (15~20 m), which was mainly due to the long-term leaching effect that the pollutants migrated down to the aquifer and enriched. The excess rate of Cr6+ in shallow and deep groundwater was 73.68% and 37.50%, respectively. Overall, the Cr6+ pollution is not optimistic, and comprehensive water-soil treatment should be carried out. At the spatial scale the distribution of Cr6+ in topsoil was affected by human activities, and had a low correlation with the division of functional zones. And under the influence of hydrodynamic field, Cr6+ in groundwater is higher in the northwest than the southeast, and the center of the pollution plume has migrated downstream. In addition, the mean value of soil carcinogenic risk is 1.85×10−6, which is between 10−6 and 10−4, and the risk is moderate, which should be paid more attention to. Soil non-carcinogenic risk is less than 1 and doesn’t produce chronic toxic effects. Oral ingestion of soil was the main exposure route. The carcinogenic risk of groundwater is up to the order of 10−2, much more than 10−4, which is unacceptable. The average non-carcinogenic risk is 51.62, much higher than 1, which may cause chronic toxic effects. In addition, the health hazards caused by Cr6+ entering the human body through the beef and mutton food chain should be further studied.
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Keywords:
- heavy metal /
- chromium /
- pollution characteristics /
- health risk assessment
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表 1 健康风险评价模型相关参数表
Table 1 Parameters of health risk assessment model
类型 参数 单位 取值 数据来源 暴露量评估 ABSd / 0.001 王珊等，2019 Rs mg/d 100 《建设用地土壤污染风险
评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2019）ED a 25 EF d/a 250 BW kg 61.8 ABSo / 1 AT d 致癌：27740；
非致癌：9125SSAR mg/cm2 0.2 Ev 次/d 1 H cm 161.5 SER / 0.18 PM10 mg/m3 0.119 Ra m3/d 14.5 PIAF / 0.75 fspi / 0.8 fspo / 0.5 EFi d/a 187.5 Rw L/d 1 Efo d/a 62.5 SAE cm2 765.97 公式（3）计算 毒性评估 IUR m3/mg 0.12 《建设用地土壤污染风险
评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2019）RfC mg/m3 0.0001 ABSgi / 0.025 风险评估 SFo [mg/（kg·d）]−1 0.5 王珊等，2019 SFd [mg/（kg·d）]−1 20 公式（10）和（12）计算 SFp [mg/（kg·d）]−1 0.51 RfDo mg/（kg·d） 0.003 《建设用地土壤污染风险
评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2019）RfDd mg/（kg·d） 7.50E-05 公式（11）和（13）计算 RfDp mg/（kg·d） 2.35E-05 SAF / 0.5 《建设用地土壤污染风险
评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2019）WAF / 0.5 
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表 2 土壤Cr6+污染浓度统计特征
Table 2 Statistical characteristics of Cr6+ pollution concentration in soil
深度（m） 采样数（个） 最大值（mg/kg） 最小值（mg/kg） 平均值（mg/kg） 方差 C·V 0～0.5 19 37.60 0.00 9.56 11.80 1.24 0.5～2.0 19 27.50 0.00 2.39 6.19 2.58 2.0～4.0 19 5.50 0.00 0.81 1.60 1.97 4.0～6.0 19 1.20 0.00 0.17 0.40 2.32 6.0～8.0 19 4.00 0.00 0.62 1.42 2.31 8.0～10.0 19 4.20 0.00 0.39 1.04 2.62 10.0～15.0 19 16.10 0.00 2.00 3.83 1.92 15.0～20.0 19 20.70 0.00 3.95 5.86 1.48 20.0～25.0 19 12.50 0.00 2.01 3.60 1.80 25.0～30.0 16 2.00 0.00 0.18 0.52 2.85 30.0～孔底 19 1.60 0.00 0.08 0.36 4.24 注：超标率计算以《土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB36600-2018）中第二类用地Cr6+风险筛选值（5.7 mg/kg）为依据。
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表 3 地下水Cr6+污染浓度统计特征（mg/kg）
Table 3 Statistical characteristics of Cr6+ pollution concentration in groundwater (mg/kg)
取样位置 采样数 Max Min Ave SD C·V 浅层 19 49.90 0.00 6.58 11.29 1.71 深层 8 1.48 0.00 0.25 0.48 1.95 注：超标率计算以《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848-2017）III类标准Cr6+限值（0.05 mg/L）为依据。
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表 4 土壤及地下水重金属Cr6+的健康风险表
Table 4 Health risks of heavy metal Cr6+ in soil and groundwater
环境介质 暴露途径 致癌风险 非致癌风险 风险范围与均值 贡献率 风险范围与均值 贡献率 土壤 经口摄入 0～6.854×10−6 94.01% 0～0.028 72.80% 1.742×10−6 0.0071 皮肤接触 0～4.200×10−7 5.77% 0～0.0017 4.46% 1.070×10−7 0.0004 呼吸吸入 0～1.668×10−8 0.23% 0～0.0085 22.25% 4.255×10−9 0.0022 3种途径
健康总风险0～7.291×10−6 100.00% 0～0.0380 100.00% 1.853×10−6 0.0097 地下水 饮用地下水 0～9.096×10−2 100.00% 0～368.70 100.00% 1.274×10−2 51.62
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