Geochemical Characteristics and Paleo-Oceanic Environment of Carbonate Rocks of Carboniferous-Permian Amushan Formation in Yin’e Basin: Example from Wuliji Taolai Section
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摘要:
为厘定银额盆地石炭系—二叠系阿木山组碳酸盐岩沉积时的古海洋环境，为油气勘探提供理论依据。笔者以乌力吉陶来剖面为例，通过剖面实测及系统采样，采用岩石学与地球化学相结合的方法，探讨阿木山组碳酸盐岩形成时的古海洋环境及油气勘探前景。地球化学特征表明：阿木山组碳酸盐岩陆源元素质量分数均较低，稀土元素特征值、碳氧同位素之间未见明显相关性，受陆源物质、成岩作用及热液作用的影响较弱，所测地球化学数据能有效反映碳酸盐岩形成时的古海洋环境。阿木山组碳酸盐岩沉积于正常海相环境，属温暖或炎热的亚热带气候，古氧相为弱氧化–弱还原环境，古海水温度为13.22～34.60 ℃，平均值为21.35 ℃，总体经历了1个大的海侵海退旋回。根据碳酸盐岩的分布及生烃条件，预示阿木山组有较好的油气勘探前景。
Abstract:In order to analyze the paleo-oceanic environment of carbonate rocks of Carboniferous-Permian Amushan Formation in Yin’e basin, and provide theoretical basis for oil and gas exploration. Taking the Wuliji Taolai section as an example, this paper discusses the paleo-ocean environment and oil and gas exploration prospect of carbonate rocks of the Amushan Formation based on petrologic and geochemical data. The geochemical characteristics show that the terrigenous elements of carbonate rocks of the Amushan Formation are relatively low. There is no obvious correlation between characteristic values of rare earth elements, carbon and oxygen isotopes. The influence of terrigenous materials, diagenesis, and hydrothermal is weak. The geochemical data can reasonably indicate the paleo-oceanic environment of the carbonate rocks. The carbonate rocks of the Amushan Formation were deposited in normal marine environments with warm or hot subtropical climate. The paleo-oxygen facies were in a weak oxidation-weak reduction environment. The paleo-sea temperature ranged from 13.22 to 34.60 ℃, with an average of 21.35 ℃. The distribution of carbonate rocks and hydrocarbon generation conditions indicate that Amushan Formation has good oil and gas exploration prospects.
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Keywords:
- Carboniferous-Permian /
- Amushan Formation /
- carbonate rocks /
- geochemistry /
- paleo-ocean environmen
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图 1 研究区构造位置（a）、阿木山组分布（b）和乌力吉地区地质简图（c）
Figure 1. (a) Tectonic location, (b) distribution of Amushan Formation and (c) geological sketch of Wuliji Area
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图 2 研究区碳酸盐岩段综合柱状图及采样位置
Figure 2. Comprehensive column and sampling position of carbonate rocks in the study area
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图 3 研究区碳酸盐岩野外及显微照片
a.灰色薄层灰岩；b.珊瑚化石；c.菊石化石；d.藻类；e.生物碎屑灰岩中有孔虫（B5）；f.生物碎屑灰岩中䗴化石（B5）；g.生物碎屑灰岩（B7）；h.生物碎屑灰岩（B12）
Figure 3. Field and microscopic characteristics of carbonate rocks in the study area
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图 4 研究区碳酸盐岩中珊瑚和䗴化石
a. Caninia sp.，横切面（TL-19F2）；b. Caninia sp.，纵切面（TL-19F2）；c. Pseudozaphrentoides sp.，横切面（TL-19F2）；d. Pseudozaphrentoides sp.，纵切面（TL-19F2）；e. Caninia sp.，横切面（TL-19F2）；f. Caninia sp.，横切面（TL-19F2）；g. Caninia bothrophylloides Zeng，纵切面（TL-19F2）；h. Caninia bothrophylloides Zeng，横切面（TL-19F2）；i. Fusulinella peruana Meyer，×10（TL-1F1）；j. Triticites winterensis Thompson，Verville and Lokke，×10（TL-36F6）；k. Triticites winterensis Thompson，Verville and Lokke，×10（TL-36F6）；l. Triticites pseudoarcticus Rauser，×10（TL-12F2）
Figure 4. Fossils of coral and skink in carbonate rocks in the study area
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图 5 研究区碳酸盐岩地球化学特征
Figure 5. Geochemical characteristics of carbonate rocks in the study area
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图 6 研究区碳酸盐岩相关性图解
Figure 6. The correlation diagrams of carbonate rocks in the study area
a.δEu-δCe图解；b.w（ΣREE）-δCe图解；c.（La / Sm）N -δCe图解
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图 7 研究区碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素关系图
Figure 7. The relationship between δ13C and δ18O values of carbonate rocks in the study area
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图 8 研究区碳酸盐岩稀土元素北美页岩标准化配分模式图
Figure 8. NASC-normalized REE patterns of carbonate rocks in the study area
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图 9 研究区碳酸盐岩地球化学古环境判别图
Figure 9. Geochemical paleo-environmental recognition of carbonate rocks in the study area
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图 10 古气候与沉积环境间相关性
Figure 10. The correlation between paleoclimate and sedimentary environment
表 1 银额盆地石炭系—二叠系阿木山组实测剖面岩性组合特征
Table 1 Lithologic association of measured profile of Carboniferous-Permian Amushan Formation in Yin’e basin
剖面名称 段 碎屑岩 碳酸岩 火山岩 累计厚度
（m）砂砾岩
（m）粉砂岩
（m）泥页岩
（m）合计
（m）比例
（%）厚度
（m）比例
（%）厚度
（m）比例
（%）芒罕超克 79.41 281.17 180.83 541.4 100.0 － － － － 541.41 恩格尔乌苏北 747.10 49.50 10.40 807.0 87.3 － － 117.10 12.67 924.10 乌力吉尚丹 上段 716.04 47.81 175.57 939.4 100.0 － － － － 939.42 乌力吉陶来 中段 40.48 77.70 21.31 139.5 17.9 638.03 82.06 － － 777.52 乌力吉查古尔 下段 1331.42 － 87.16 1418.6 93.8 21.47 1.42 72.63 4.80 1512.68 阿伦功 383.76 304.20 289.35 977.3 98.4 16.20 1.63 － － 993.51 264界碑西南 577.28 67.20 14.12 658.6 83.3 131.57 16.65 － － 790.17 乌兰敖包 上段 383.13 128.45 3.66 515.2 92.2 43.46 7.78 － － 558.70 中段 14.19 － － 14.2 16.1 73.85 83.88 － － 88.04 下段 424.54 12.88 15.63 453.1 97.7 2.62 0.56 － － 463.82 呼伦陶勒盖 下段 194.32 37.54 94.05 325.9 69.1 － － 146.01 30.94 471.92 
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表 2 研究区碳酸盐岩常量元素分析结果
Table 2 Major elements analysis of carbonate rocks in the study area
样号 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO CaO MgO K2O Na2O TiO2 P2O5 MnO 烧失量（LOI） a m CH1 2.57 0.70 0.12 0.15 53.33 0.53 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.04 42.23 96.09 75.71 CH2 2.44 0.53 0.15 0.10 53.50 0.67 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.01 42.25 96.42 126.42 CH3 4.60 0.53 0.11 0.15 52.15 0.67 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.03 41.45 94.27 126.42 CH4 2.93 0.16 0.06 0.10 53.62 0.58 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.03 42.30 96.50 362.50 CH5 1.16 0.09 0.01 0.10 54.69 0.72 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 43.04 98.45 800.00 CH6 1.93 0.18 0.05 0.12 53.23 1.30 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.02 42.88 97.41 722.22 CH7 0.53 0.04 0.01 0.10 55.39 0.63 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 43.16 99.18 1575.00 CH8 2.00 0.36 0.13 0.05 53.61 0.69 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 42.86 97.16 191.67 CH9 2.91 0.37 0.18 0.15 53.20 0.54 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.04 42.33 96.07 145.95 CH10 1.76 0.33 0.13 0.08 54.34 0.55 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 42.54 97.43 166.67 CH11 3.22 0.42 0.24 0.18 53.09 0.52 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.06 41.98 95.59 123.81 CH12 2.60 0.36 0.12 0.15 53.54 0.59 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 42.30 96.43 163.89 注：常量元素含量为%。a=Σ（CaO+MgO+LOI）；m=100×（MgO/Al2O3）。
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表 3 研究区碳酸盐岩微量元素分析结果
Table 3 Trace elements analysis of carbonate rocks in the study area
样号 Ni Co Sr Ba V Zr B U Th Cu Sr/Cu Sr/Ba 1000 ×（Sr/Ca）V/（V+Ni） Ni/Co CH1 12.10 2.51 627 39.60 9.87 8.05 2.50 1.77 0.74 2.98 210 15.83 1.65 0.45 4.82 CH2 10.60 1.77 1080 39.40 12.80 10.80 2.65 2.43 0.89 2.82 383 27.41 2.83 0.55 5.99 CH3 12.80 1.51 800 102.00 6.70 9.05 2.32 2.20 0.45 1.84 435 7.84 2.15 0.34 8.48 CH4 11.80 1.68 976 28.20 6.70 7.62 2.01 2.66 0.30 1.14 856 34.61 2.55 0.36 7.02 CH5 10.50 1.46 780 26.70 4.50 4.54 1.55 3.66 0.23 1.24 629 29.21 2.00 0.30 7.19 CH6 10.40 1.54 1280 35.10 4.46 6.04 2.30 4.02 0.35 0.75 1707 36.47 3.37 0.30 6.75 CH7 10.20 1.47 1010 15.30 2.09 2.25 1.74 1.51 0.20 0.96 1052 66.01 2.55 0.17 6.94 CH8 10.40 1.50 1280 17.80 6.81 9.69 2.60 2.37 0.39 0.88 1455 71.91 3.34 0.40 6.93 CH9 10.50 1.53 693 29.20 6.27 5.34 2.20 1.44 0.49 1.91 363 23.73 1.82 0.37 6.86 CH10 11.10 1.68 1040 20.00 7.58 5.32 1.99 2.04 0.40 1.42 732 52.00 2.68 0.41 6.61 CH11 11.50 1.87 774 25.60 8.16 7.78 2.26 2.06 0.48 1.60 484 30.23 2.04 0.42 6.15 CH12 11.80 1.86 1120 28.60 8.07 7.24 2.22 2.28 0.47 1.55 723 39.16 2.93 0.41 6.34 注：微量元素含量为10–6。
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表 4 研究区碳酸盐岩稀土元素及北美页岩标准化计算结果
Table 4 Rare earth elements analysis and NASC-normalized result of carbonate rocks in the study area
样号 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y CH1 4.00 7.47 0.95 3.40 0.78 0.20 0.78 0.12 0.75 0.16 0.46 0.07 0.42 0.07 6.02 CH2 4.46 7.18 0.99 3.63 0.78 0.18 0.80 0.14 0.81 0.17 0.47 0.07 0.42 0.07 6.88 CH3 3.01 4.59 0.68 2.51 0.62 0.16 0.74 0.12 0.80 0.17 0.49 0.08 0.49 0.08 7.71 CH4 1.98 3.47 0.44 1.70 0.40 0.10 0.46 0.08 0.52 0.12 0.34 0.05 0.33 0.05 4.76 CH5 2.68 4.19 0.55 2.20 0.56 0.12 0.61 0.11 0.68 0.14 0.40 0.06 0.38 0.06 5.38 CH6 3.96 4.17 0.74 2.92 0.74 0.16 0.88 0.14 0.89 0.18 0.51 0.08 0.49 0.07 10.40 CH7 0.97 1.29 0.20 0.76 0.19 0.05 0.21 0.04 0.24 0.06 0.16 0.02 0.15 0.03 2.85 CH8 1.63 3.34 0.42 1.60 0.37 0.09 0.40 0.06 0.41 0.09 0.24 0.04 0.25 0.04 3.58 CH9 3.46 5.30 0.73 2.77 0.62 0.14 0.66 0.11 0.67 0.14 0.40 0.06 0.36 0.05 6.32 CH10 2.22 3.66 0.49 1.83 0.41 0.10 0.44 0.07 0.44 0.10 0.27 0.04 0.24 0.04 4.26 CH11 2.87 4.70 0.58 2.08 0.50 0.13 0.56 0.10 0.60 0.12 0.36 0.05 0.35 0.05 5.57 CH12 2.56 4.65 0.55 1.99 0.46 0.12 0.51 0.09 0.52 0.11 0.32 0.05 0.30 0.04 5.18 样号 LREE HREE ΣREE LREE/HREE （La/Yb）N δEuN δCeN （La/Ce）N （La/Sm）N Y/Ho Ce/La CH1 16.80 8.85 25.65 1.90 0.92 1.13 0.83 1.22 0.91 37.63 1.87 CH2 17.22 9.83 27.05 1.75 1.03 1.00 0.74 1.42 1.02 40.47 1.61 CH3 11.57 10.67 22.24 1.08 0.60 1.04 0.70 1.50 0.86 45.35 1.52 CH4 8.09 6.72 14.80 1.20 0.58 0.98 0.81 1.30 0.88 39.67 1.75 CH5 10.30 7.83 18.13 1.32 0.68 0.90 0.75 1.46 0.85 38.43 1.56 CH6 12.69 13.64 26.33 0.93 0.78 0.87 0.53 2.17 0.95 57.78 1.05 CH7 3.46 3.75 7.21 0.92 0.63 0.99 0.64 1.72 0.91 51.82 1.33 CH8 7.45 5.11 12.55 1.46 0.63 0.98 0.88 1.11 0.78 42.12 2.05 CH9 13.02 8.77 21.79 1.48 0.93 0.96 0.73 1.49 0.99 45.14 1.53 CH10 8.71 5.90 14.60 1.48 0.90 1.00 0.76 1.38 0.96 44.38 1.65 CH11 10.86 7.76 18.62 1.40 0.79 1.08 0.79 1.39 1.02 46.42 1.64 CH12 24.34 7.12 31.46 3.42 0.83 1.09 0.85 1.26 0.99 47.09 1.82 注：稀土元素含量为10−6。
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表 5 研究区碳酸盐岩C-O同位素分析结果
Table 5 Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of carbonate rocks in the study area
样号 δ13C（‰） δ18O（‰） 盐度指数Z（‰） 温度指数T（℃） CH1 4.47 −7.67 132.63 24.75 CH2 4.47 −5.00 133.97 13.22 CH3 4.86 −6.41 134.06 19.07 CH4 3.80 −9.67 130.26 34.60 CH5 4.86 −5.52 134.50 15.33 CH6 4.60 −7.33 133.08 23.16 CH7 4.28 −5.40 133.37 14.84 CH8 3.04 −6.96 130.05 21.52 CH9 3.94 −7.43 131.66 23.61 CH10 4.68 −6.06 133.88 17.57 CH11 4.46 −8.70 132.10 29.70 CH12 4.59 −6.35 133.54 18.83
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