Influence of Geological Structure on the Distribution Characteristics of River System in the Northern Reaches of the Middle Yellow River
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摘要:
黄河中游流域水系的平面形态、河流走向等区域地貌样式的控制因素，以及其对水土流失、生态和经济发展的影响是长久以来备受关注的热点问题。笔者选择黄河中游北段皇甫川、孤山川和朱家川–县川流域为研究对象，通过基于高精度DEM提取水系样式和统计水系走向，对区域内基岩节理、断层和黄土内发育的垂直节理等构造样式调查研究和产状系统测量统计，结合研究区新生代以来的构造背景，提出黄河中游北段受区域伸展作用影响形成的一系列垂直节理和断层，是影响或控制区域内水系样式发育程度和展布特征的关键要素。
Abstract:The influence and control factors of the regional geomorphic patterns, such as the plane shape and the flow directions of the mainstream and tributaries of the river system, in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and the effects of the regional geomorphic patterns on soil and water loss, ecological and economic development, have long been one of the hot debates that have received much attention. In this study, we select the Huangfuchuan, Gushanchuan and Zhujiachuan–Xianchuan drainage in the northern reaches of the middle Yellow River as the research objects. Based on high–precision DEM extraction of the drainage system, statistics of flow direction, as well as systematic investigation and measurement of the structural styles and attitudes of the joints and/or faults in bedrock and loess, combined with the tectonic background of the study area since the Cenozoic, it is proposed that the series of vertical joints and faults formed by regional extension in the northern reaches of the middle Yellow River are key factors that influence or control the development and spreading characteristics of the drainage patterns.
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Keywords:
- drainage patterns /
- vertical joints /
- faults /
- neotectonics /
- middle Yellow River
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图 1 黄河中游北段地形地貌及水系特征图
a. 黄河中上游流域地形地貌及水系分布图；b. 皇甫川、孤山川和朱家川–县川流域水系展布特征；c. 皇甫川流域水系流向统计；d. 孤山川流域水系流向统计；e. 朱家川–县川流域西段水系流向统计
Figure 1. Topography of the northern section of the middle Yellow River and the characteristics of drainage
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图 2 皇甫川流域三叠纪地层和全新世风成黄土的野外特征及节理产状统计图
a、b. 三叠纪厚层砂岩中发育2组近直交的垂直节理；c. 三叠纪中层砂岩夹紫红色厚层泥岩地层中砂岩层中保存2组垂直节理；d. 全新世风成黄土中发育两组垂直节理；图中赤平投影为下半球等面积投影
Figure 2. Field characteristics and attitude statistics of joints in Triassic strata and Holocene eolian loess within Huangfuchuan drainage system
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图 3 孤山川流域出露的岩石组合和变形特征图
a、b. 延安组砂岩地层中沿着垂直节理面发生破裂；c. 延安组细砂岩中发育近直交的两组垂直节理；d、e. 风成黄土中发育垂直节理；f. 中生代地层层理产状极射赤平投影；g. 基岩断层产状极射赤平投影；h. 基岩节理产状极射赤平投影；i. 更新世—全新世黄土节理产状极射赤平投影
Figure 3. Rock assemblages and deformation characteristics in Gushanchuan drainage system.
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图 4 中奥陶世厚层灰岩中发育正断层野外照片
Figure 4. Normal faults in the thick–bedded limestone of Middle Ordovician
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图 5 中奥陶世中薄层灰岩中发育脆性正断层并控制更新世冲洪积物野外照片
Figure 5. Normal faults in the medium–thin–bedded limestone of Middle Ordovician which controlled the deposition of the Pleistocene pluvial alluvial sediments
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图 6 中奥陶世中厚层灰岩中发育共轭正断层野外照片
白色字体为层理产状、红色字体为断层产状
Figure 6. Conjugate normal faults in the medium–thick–bedded limestone of Middle Ordovician
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图 7 中奥陶世中厚层灰岩发育宽缓背斜野外照片
白色字体为层理产状、红色字体为断层产状
Figure 7. Bending folds in the medium–thick limestone of Middle Ordovician
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图 8 中奥陶世地层中发育追踪张节理并造成地质灾害隐患野外照片
Figure 8. Tracing tension joints in the Middle Ordovician strata which induce geological hazard
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图 9 朱家川–县川流域基岩层理（a）、节理（b）和断层（c）产状极射赤平投影图
Figure 9. (a) Beddings, (b) joints and (c) faults stereographic projection of strata in Zhujiachuan–Xianchuan
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图 10 黄河中游北段及邻区地貌构造简图与玫瑰花图（a）和断裂系模型图（b）（据Shi et al.，2020）
蓝色表示皇甫川、孤山川和朱家川–县川流域水系走向；黄色表示黄土节理走向；灰色表示基岩节理走向；红色表示断层走向玫瑰花图
Figure 10. (a) Simplified structural and geomorphic map of the northern reaches of the Middle Yellow River and the adjacent area and (b) the fracture system model
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