Early Cambrian Xiate Gabbro in Western Tianshan: Magmatic Records of Initial Subduction of the South Tianshan Ocean
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摘要:
相对于西天山晚古生代—中生代广泛存在的岩浆事件，其天山早古生代初期地质记录保存较少，此在很大程度上制约了学界对于亚洲洋早期演化的认识。此次选取的夏特辉长岩位于中天山南缘构造混杂岩带北侧，LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年结果为（523±5）Ma，属早寒武世，其与中天山早古生代岩浆活动构成有“ 西早–东晚” 的时空分布特征，从而在一定程度上奠定了西天山“西早–东晚”的剪刀差式闭合事件。夏特辉长岩为钠质的钙碱性系列，岩石地球化学特征反映其形成过程中经历有橄榄石、尖晶石等矿物的分离结晶以及斜长石的堆晶作用。该辉长岩富集大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素，构造岩浆环境判别图解也进一步指示其为弧岩浆作用的产物。锆石Hf同位素特征具有正的εHf(t) 值（+1.47 ～+11.91），显示出亏损地幔的物质源区。此外，较高的Th/Nb原始地幔标准化比值和较低的Nb/La值，暗示了岩浆形成过程中存有俯冲物质的卷入。夏特辉长岩的形成表明南天山洋在早寒武世已经开始向中天山地块之下俯冲，伴随着中天山地块的俯冲、消减，沿中天山地块周缘于早寒武世已经形成有陆缘弧岩浆体系。
Abstract:Compared with the widespread magmatic events between the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic in Western Tianshan, the intrusive magmatic record of the early Paleozoic are preserved less, which conatrained our understanding on the early evolution of the Asian Ocean. Xiate gabbro is exposed in the north of the Southern Margin of the Central Tianshan, and zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating shows that the formation age is 523±5 Ma, suggesting the Early Cambrian emplacement. Combined with the research on the regional igneous rocks, we believe that the Paleozoic subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean initiated in the west and then gradually expanded to the east, which may lay the foundation for the scissors closure (earlier in the west and later in the east) of the Tianshan Ocean. The geochemical characteristics of the Sodium and calcium alkaline rocks studied show that they have experienced the fractional crystallization of olivine, spinels, and the cumulation of plagioclase during their formation. The gabbro is a sodic and calc-alkaline series rocks, rich in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE). Discrimination diagrams of tectonic magmatic environment indicate that it is a product of arc magmatism. The ε Hf (t) values range from +1.47 to +11.91, indicating a distinct mantle material source; the higher (Th/Nb)PM and lower Nb/La ratios imply the involvement of subduction materials during magmatic evolution. The formation age and petrogenetic characteristics of the Xiate gabbro indicate that the South Tianshan Ocean began to subduct towards the Central Tianshan Block in the Early Cambrian, and the initial arc magmatism was formed during the tectonic event.
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图 1 中国西天山地质简图（a）（据Gao et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2013修）和夏特地区地质图（b）（据新疆维吾尔自治区地质局区域地质调查大队, 1981; Qian et al., 2009修）
Figure 1. (a) Simplified geological map of Chinese western Tianshan and (b) the geological map of the Xiate
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图 2 夏特辉长岩的野外产出及镜下特征
a.辉长岩野外露头；b.辉长岩结构；c.正交偏光（CPL）矿物组成特征；d.单偏光（PPL）矿物组成特征；Pl.斜长石；Cpx.单斜辉石；Hbl.角闪石；Ep.绿帘石
Figure 2. Outcrops and micro-structure features for the Xiate grabbo
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图 3 夏特辉长岩锆石阴极发光照片（圆圈为测试位置，数字为测试点号）
Figure 3. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of typical zircons from the Xiate gabbro
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图 4 夏特辉长岩锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb同位素年龄谐和图（a）及加权平均年龄图（b）
Figure 4. (a) Zircon U-Pb age Concordia diagram and (b) the weighted average age diagram for Xiate grabbo
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图 5 夏特辉长岩SiO2-（Na2O+K2O） 图解（a）（Irvine et al, 1971; Middlemost, 1994）和SiO2-FeOT/MgO图解（b）（Miyashiro, 1975）
Figure 5. (a) SiO2 versus Na2O+K2O Diagram and (b) SiO2-FeOT/MgO Diagram for Xiate grabbo
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图 6 稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图解（a）和微量元素原始地幔标准化图解（b）（标准化数据均自Sun et al., 1989）
Figure 6. (a) Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns and (b) Primitive mantle-normalized multi-element variation diagram for the Xiate grabbo
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图 7 西天山夏特辉长岩Mg#—多元素含量协变图
Figure 7. the covariant diagram of Mg # versus multi-elements for Xiate hornblende gabbro
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图 8 夏特辉长岩εHf（t）-t图 （a） 和 176Hf/177Hf-t图 （b）
Figure 8. (a) εHf(t) versus t Diagram and (b) 176Hf/177Hf versus t Diagram for the Xiate grabbo
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图 9 夏特辉长岩构造环境判别图
a.Hf/3-Th-Nb/16图（Pearce, 1983）; b.TiO2-10×MnO-10×P2O5图（Mullen, 1983）;c.Ta/Yb-Th/Yb（Wood, 1980 ）;d. Sm/La-Th/La图（McCarthy et al., 2021）
Figure 9. Geotectonic discrimation diagrams for the Xiate grabbo
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图 10 中天山南缘地区早古生代早期构造岩浆模式图
Figure 10. Tectonic magmatic model of the south margin of the Central Tianshan mountains in the Early Paleozoic
表 1 夏特辉长角闪石岩 LA-ICPMS 锆石 U-Pb 定年测试数据
Table 1 Zircon La-ICPMS U-Pb analytical data of the Xiate gabbro
样品 比值 年龄（Ma） 组成（×10−6） Th/U 207Pb/206Pb ±1σ 207Pb/235U ±1σ 206Pb/238U ±1σ 208Pb/232Th ±1σ 207Pb/206Pb ±1σ 207Pb/235U ±1σ 206Pb/238U ±1σ 208Pb/232Th ±1σ 204Pb 206Pb 207Pb 208Pb 232Th 238U 10XT01-01 0.0623 0.0028 0.71412 0.02924 0.08311 0.00219 0.02627 0.00082 684 45 547 17 515 13 524 16 0 173.21 40.34 518.80 940.69 868.61 1.08 10XT01-03 0.0586 0.00283 0.69377 0.03079 0.08584 0.00229 0.02616 0.00085 552 52 535 18 531 14 522 17 45.09 138.86 31.02 343.95 628.35 672.61 0.93 10XT01-04 0.06604 0.00315 0.77993 0.03414 0.08563 0.00229 0.03049 0.00108 808 49 585 19 530 14 607 21 36.71 127.20 31.92 171.75 265.41 617.16 0.43 10XT01-05 0.05859 0.00309 0.68918 0.03377 0.0853 0.00231 0.02511 0.00087 552 61 532 20 528 14 501 17 0 112.90 24.93 253.24 495.69 563.28 0.88 10XT01-06 0.05666 0.00374 0.66858 0.04165 0.08556 0.00244 0.0254 0.00103 478 88 520 25 529 14 507 20 0 67.49 14.86 142.22 262.07 335.28 0.78 10XT01-07 0.05824 0.00283 0.68717 0.03072 0.08557 0.00228 0.02557 0.00088 539 53 531 18 529 14 510 17 0 144.87 32.33 253.11 474.13 703.62 0.67 10XT01-08 0.05875 0.00265 0.69429 0.02843 0.0857 0.00225 0.02609 0.00085 558 46 535 17 530 13 521 17 3.95 208.02 46.05 395.91 719.86 1007.33 0.71 10XT01-09 0.05836 0.00314 0.68957 0.03451 0.08568 0.00232 0.02512 0.00089 543 63 533 21 530 14 501 18 50.93 114.31 25.59 260.77 504.86 565.03 0.89 10XT01-11 0.05707 0.00337 0.66172 0.0365 0.08408 0.00233 0.02531 0.00098 494 73 516 22 520 14 505 19 0 73.67 16.73 143.46 272.58 366.21 0.74 10XT01-14 0.06276 0.00317 0.71896 0.03339 0.08307 0.00223 0.02585 0.00088 700 55 550 20 514 13 516 17 38.42 222.70 52.82 712.09 1350.88 1136.37 1.19 10XT01-15 0.06023 0.00322 0.6766 0.03344 0.08147 0.00221 0.02378 0.00082 612 61 525 20 505 13 475 16 0 138.97 32.55 480.61 943.80 717.13 1.32 10XT01-16 0.05988 0.00312 0.68814 0.03307 0.08333 0.00224 0.02549 0.00091 599 59 532 20 516 13 509 18 32.74 106.48 24.33 273.43 518.86 529.13 0.98 10XT01-17 0.05833 0.00303 0.68165 0.03255 0.08474 0.00227 0.02538 0.0009 542 59 528 20 524 13 507 18 6.56 129.47 29.56 375.78 694.03 630.93 1.1 10XT01-18 0.05961 0.00331 0.69006 0.03553 0.08394 0.00229 0.02585 0.00097 589 65 533 21 520 14 516 19 31.67 95.15 21.92 227.71 425.71 469.38 0.91 10XT01-19 0.06089 0.00392 0.7208 0.04356 0.08584 0.00244 0.02597 0.00104 635 82 551 26 531 14 518 20 0 50.04 12.35 141.99 264.08 242.38 1.09 10XT01-20 0.06152 0.00378 0.71367 0.04095 0.08413 0.00236 0.02633 0.00109 657 76 547 24 521 14 525 21 22.11 65.99 15.76 130.72 247.99 334.09 0.74 10XT01-22 0.06039 0.00338 0.71072 0.03681 0.08534 0.00233 0.02629 0.00099 618 66 545 22 528 14 525 19 3.97 116.51 26.88 531.74 974.88 567.21 1.72 10XT01-23 0.05924 0.00361 0.70792 0.04018 0.08666 0.00241 0.0276 0.00112 576 76 544 24 536 14 550 22 8.80 87.68 20.21 243.98 426.10 421.75 1.01 10XT01-24 0.05834 0.00364 0.67331 0.03916 0.08369 0.00234 0.02617 0.0011 543 79 523 24 518 14 522 22 6.30 87.32 21.28 195.61 366.56 436.64 0.84 10XT01-27 0.05926 0.00358 0.69413 0.03886 0.08494 0.00236 0.02528 0.00105 577 74 535 23 526 14 505 21 0 91.82 21.04 283.90 542.23 448.34 1.21 10XT01-28 0.06049 0.00347 0.69389 0.03671 0.08318 0.00228 0.02621 0.00107 621 68 535 22 515 14 523 21 10.14 130.16 29.37 428.91 790.50 641.71 1.23 10XT01-29 0.06065 0.00384 0.71196 0.042 0.08513 0.0024 0.02671 0.00115 627 79 546 25 527 14 533 23 14.08 78.48 19.14 229.51 412.28 377.53 1.09 
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表 2 夏特辉长岩锆石Hf同位素组分表
Table 2 Zircons Hf isotopic compositions for the Xiate gabbro
样品 176Yb/177Hf 176Lu/177Hf 176Hf/177Hf 176Hf/177Hf 2σ εHf（0） εHf（t） TDM1（Hf） fLu/Hf 10XT01-02 0.05382 0.001936 0.282737 0.282714 0.000028 −2.05 8.8 782 −0.94 10XT01-03 0.041586 0.001425 0.28262 0.282597 0.000022 −6.19 4.84 939 −0.96 10XT01-04 0.044278 0.00174 0.282795 0.282772 0.000025 −0.01 10.92 695 −0.95 10XT01-05 0.020027 0.000678 0.282588 0.282565 0.000021 −7.33 3.96 965 −0.98 10XT01-06 0.017006 0.000631 0.282714 0.282691 0.000019 −2.87 8.44 788 −0.98 10XT01-07 0.020814 0.000779 0.282783 0.28276 0.000018 −0.42 10.84 694 −0.98 10XT01-08 0.024405 0.000853 0.282799 0.282776 0.00002 0.13 11.37 673 −0.97 10XT01-09 0.025408 0.000928 0.28269 0.282667 0.000023 −3.7 7.51 827 −0.97 10XT01-10 0.034956 0.001253 0.282748 0.282725 0.00003 −1.66 9.43 753 −0.96 10XT01-11 0.014002 0.000508 0.282668 0.282645 0.000018 −4.5 6.85 850 −0.98 10XT01-12 0.021002 0.000769 0.28281 0.282787 0.000023 0.54 11.81 655 −0.98 10XT01-13 0.028995 0.000981 0.282721 0.282698 0.000029 −2.61 8.58 785 −0.97 10XT01-15 0.023846 0.00084 0.282799 0.282776 0.000023 0.16 11.4 672 −0.97 10XT01-16 0.046849 0.001636 0.282779 0.282756 0.000029 −0.58 10.38 716 −0.95 10XT01-17 0.058428 0.002052 0.282629 0.282605 0.000035 −5.89 4.92 942 −0.94 10XT01-18 0.03625 0.001255 0.282796 0.282773 0.000028 0.03 11.13 684 −0.96 10XT01-19 0.06274 0.002117 0.282565 0.282542 0.000035 −8.14 2.65 1036 −0.94 10XT01-20 0.013112 0.000489 0.282786 0.282763 0.000031 −0.33 11.03 685 −0.99 10XT01-21 0.053937 0.001939 0.282599 0.282576 0.000041 −6.92 3.93 982 −0.94 10XT01-22 0.025045 0.000947 0.282758 0.282735 0.000032 −1.3 9.9 732 −0.97 10XT01-23 0.020744 0.000762 0.282751 0.282728 0.000044 −1.57 9.69 739 −0.98 10XT01-24 0.024952 0.000896 0.282732 0.282709 0.000023 −2.24 8.98 769 −0.97 10XT01-25 0.028115 0.000933 0.28272 0.282697 0.000032 −2.66 8.54 786 −0.97 10XT01-26 0.032419 0.00109 0.282698 0.282675 0.000036 −3.44 7.71 821 −0.97 10XT01-27 0.052459 0.001858 0.282824 0.282801 0.000042 1.02 11.91 655 −0.94 10XT01-28 0.062645 0.001985 0.282551 0.282528 0.000038 −8.64 2.19 1053 −0.94 10XT01-30 0.045656 0.001551 0.282719 0.282696 0.000036 −2.68 8.31 800 −0.95
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表 3 夏特辉长岩主量元素（%）和微量元素（10−6）分析结果
Table 3 Major elements (%) and trace elements (10−6) compositions of the Xiate gabbro
样品号 10XT01-1 10XT01-3 10XT01-5 10XT01-6 10XT01-7 SiO2 49.57 49.20 49.25 50.54 49.52 Al2O3 16.86 17.10 16.15 17.39 17.02 Fe2O3 1.16 0.94 1.39 1.37 1.71 FeO 4.59 5.28 4.98 4.47 5.00 Fe2O3T 6.26 6.81 6.92 6.34 7.27 CaO 13.19 12.89 12.44 11.04 11.48 MgO 9.36 9.89 9.85 8.06 8.88 K2O 0.34 0.31 0.71 0.95 0.90 Na2O 1.69 1.77 1.69 2.46 1.84 TiO2 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.42 0.35 P2O5 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 MnO 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12 LOI 2.74 2.14 2.98 2.99 3.04 Total 99.91 99.93 99.88 99.85 99.91 Cu 144.0 59.0 73.3 97.7 65.3 Pb 28.2 11.5 36.4 5.85 9.06 Zn 38.6 34.3 66.4 48.5 47.1 Cr 769 617 689 579 463 Ni 146 149 141 106 108 Co 38.2 36.5 38.0 31.8 37.3 Li 8.6 4.65 11.0 18.6 12.6 Rb 11.9 8.91 22.2 29.2 26.0 Cs 0.55 0.41 0.70 1.09 0.96 Mo 0.35 0.62 0.34 0.36 0.25 Sr 193 162 159 175 212 Ba 74.6 53.8 106 172 161 V 152 138 164 170 136 Sc 38.0 34.5 38.2 37.5 31.8 Nb 0.65 0.87 0.52 1.18 1.43 Ta 0.27 0.40 0.26 0.21 0.34 Zr 13.1 14.3 9.51 23.7 24.2 Hf 0.48 0.44 0.34 0.76 0.72 Ga 11.4 11.5 11.2 11.5 11.9 U 0.13 0.10 0.05 0.11 0.14 Th 0.67 0.70 0.31 0.59 0.64 La 1.61 1.45 0.91 2.46 2.31 Ce 3.47 4.17 2.25 5.40 5.16 Pr 0.48 0.46 0.40 0.73 0.69 Nd 2.39 2.22 1.98 3.94 3.16 Sm 0.76 0.75 0.72 1.01 0.94 Eu 0.37 0.33 0.39 0.53 0.47 注：Mg#=mol MgO/（MgO+FeOtot）, FeOtot=FeO+0.89Fe2O3（扣除烧失量后），表中标准化数据引自Sun et al. （1989）。
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续表3 样品号 10XT01-1 10XT01-3 10XT01-5 10XT01-6 10XT01-7 Dy 1.28 1.35 1.39 1.77 1.51 Ho 0.32 0.32 0.37 0.49 0.34 Er 0.78 0.78 0.88 1.06 0.88 Tm 0.14 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.15 Yb 0.97 0.89 1.05 1.34 0.95 Lu 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.13 Y 7.77 7.93 8.90 11.50 9.02 Mg# 74.98 74.43 74.04 71.83 71.02 （La/Sm）N 1.37 1.25 0.82 1.57 1.59 （Gd/Yb）N 0.80 1.03 0.78 0.99 1.07 （La/Yb）N 1.20 1.18 0.63 1.33 1.76 REE 21.57 22.19 20.73 32.54 27.15 δEu 1.35 1.11 1.42 1.28 1.34 Sr/Y 24.84 20.43 17.87 15.22 23.5 Sr/Yb 198.97 182.02 151.43 130.6 223.16 注：Mg#=mol MgO/（MgO+FeOtot）, FeOtot=FeO+0.89Fe2O3（扣除烧失量后），标准化数据引自Sun et al. （1989）。
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