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基于机器学习和全岩成分识别东昆仑祁漫塔格斑岩–矽卡岩矿床成矿岩体和贫矿岩体

刘嘉情, 钟世华, 李三忠, 丰成友, 戴黎明, 索艳慧, 郭广慧, 牛警徽, 薛梓萌, 黄宇

刘嘉情, 钟世华, 李三忠, 等. 基于机器学习和全岩成分识别东昆仑祁漫塔格斑岩–矽卡岩矿床成矿岩体和贫矿岩体[J]. 西北地质, 2023, 56(6): 41-56. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2023155
引用本文: 刘嘉情, 钟世华, 李三忠, 等. 基于机器学习和全岩成分识别东昆仑祁漫塔格斑岩–矽卡岩矿床成矿岩体和贫矿岩体[J]. 西北地质, 2023, 56(6): 41-56. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2023155
LIU Jiaqing, ZHONG Shihua, LI Sanzhong, et al. Identification of Mineralized and Barren Magmatic Rocks for the Pophryry−Skarn Deposits from the Qimantagh, East Kunlun: Based on Machine Learning and Whole−Rock Compositions[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2023, 56(6): 41-56. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2023155
Citation: LIU Jiaqing, ZHONG Shihua, LI Sanzhong, et al. Identification of Mineralized and Barren Magmatic Rocks for the Pophryry−Skarn Deposits from the Qimantagh, East Kunlun: Based on Machine Learning and Whole−Rock Compositions[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2023, 56(6): 41-56. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2023155

基于机器学习和全岩成分识别东昆仑祁漫塔格斑岩–矽卡岩矿床成矿岩体和贫矿岩体

基金项目: 国家自然科学青年基金项目(42203066)和山东省自然科学青年基金项目(ZR2020QD027)联合资助。
详细信息
    作者简介:

    刘嘉情(1999−),女,硕士研究生,岩石学、矿物学、矿床学专业。E−mail:liujiaqing11292022@163.com

    通讯作者:

    钟世华(1989−),男,博士,副教授,从事地质大数据与成矿研究。E−mail:zhongshihua@ouc.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: P62;P588.1

Identification of Mineralized and Barren Magmatic Rocks for the Pophryry−Skarn Deposits from the Qimantagh, East Kunlun: Based on Machine Learning and Whole−Rock Compositions

  • 摘要:

    东昆仑祁漫塔格成矿带是中国西北地区重要的铜钼铁铅锌多金属成矿带,发育卡尔却卡、野马泉、维宝、乌兰乌珠儿等许多与花岗岩类有关的斑岩−矽卡岩矿床。随着新一轮找矿突破战略行动的开展,进一步加强对祁漫塔格成矿带花岗岩成矿潜力的研究,已成为推动该地区金属矿产储量增长的重要突破口。为此,笔者在系统收集祁漫塔格成矿带典型斑岩−矽卡岩多金属矿床成矿岩体和贫矿岩体(即非成矿岩体)的全岩主量和微量元素数据基础上,选取28种常见的全岩地球化学特征,借助机器学习算法——随机森林,开展机器学习模型训练,建立能够识别该地区斑岩−矽卡岩多金属矿床成矿岩体和非成矿岩体的新方法。根据模型评价指标,笔者训练得到的随机森林分类模型准确率为0.90,证明该方法能够有效识别成矿岩体和非成矿岩体。该研究为祁漫塔格成矿带斑岩−矽卡岩多金属矿床的找矿勘查提供了新思路,将极大地提高找矿效率、降低找矿经济和人力成本,从而更好的服务新一轮找矿突破战略行动。相关机器学习代码已上传至GitHub,地址为https://github.com/ShihuaZhong/2023-Qimantagh-RF-whole-rock-classifier

    Abstract:

    The Qimantagh Orogenic Belt in the East Kunlun is an important Cu−Mo−Fe−Pb−Zn polymetallic mineralization belt in the northwest of China, and many porphyry-skarn deposits that are genetically related to granitoids are founded, such as Kaerqueka, Yemaquan, Weibao, and Wulanwuzhuer. With the development of a new round of strategic action to find mineral breakthroughs, further strengthening the study of granite mineralization potential in the Qimantagh Orogenic Belt has become an important breakthrough to promote the growth of metal mineral reserves in the region. In this paper, based on the systematic collection of whole−rock major and trace element data of mineralized and barren magmatic rocks of typical porphyry−skarn polymetallic deposits in the Qimantagh Orogenic Belt, 28 common whole-rock geochemical features are selected, and the machine learning algorithm (Random Forest) is used for the training of the machine learning model to establish a machine learning model capable of identifying the mineralized and barren magmatic rocks of porphyry−skarn polymetallic deposits in the region. A new method is developed to identify the mineralized and barren magmatic rocks in the porphyry−skarn polymetallic deposits in this area. According to the model evaluation metric, the accuracy of the Random Forest classification model trained in this paper is 0.90, which proves that the method can effectively recognize mineralized and barren magmatic rocks. This study provides a new idea for the prospecting and exploration of porphyry−skarn polymetallic deposits in the Qimantagh Orogenic Belt, which will greatly improve the efficiency of prospecting, reduce the economic and labor costs of prospecting, and thus better serve the new round of strategic action of prospecting and breakthrough. The machine learning code has been uploaded to GitHub at https://github.com/ShihuaZhong/2023-Qimantagh-RF-whole-rock-classifier.

  • 萤石作为一种重要的热液矿物,在冶金、化工、光学、电子和绿色技术等多个传统和新兴领域中得到了广泛的应用,吸引了众多研究人员进行相关的科学研究(曹俊臣,1987李长江等,1991许东青等,2009Dill et al.,2011方乙等,2014孙海瑞等,2014王吉平等,2015邹灏等,2016a张苏坤等,2022栗克坤等,2023Liu et al., 2023赵辛敏等,2023)。中国目前是世界上最大的萤石消费国和主要生产国,拥有数个重要的矿化带,如中国华南地区的武夷萤石矿化带,该地区拥有众多萤石矿床(点)(曹俊臣,19941995夏学惠等,2009刘磊等,2013邹灏等,2016b李敬等,2017黄鸿新等,2018Chen et al.,2021Yang et al.,2022游超等,2022)。

    上水桥萤石矿床位于赣闽交界处的江西省黎川县内,是一中型矿床。前人主要对矿区及其周围的成矿地质条件(敖平等,2020)和控矿构造(万禄进等,2000)进行了研究,而萤石成矿作用过程中流体演化和成矿物质来源等方面研究较少,制约了对矿床成因的认识。笔者在以往地质勘查工作的基础上,通过分析上水桥萤石矿床的的微量元素地球化学特征,探讨上水桥萤石矿床的成矿物质来源、流体演化和成矿模式,为研究区及其周围区域找矿提供依据。

    武夷地区又称武夷造山带(李培铮等,1999Faure et al., 2009)或武夷地体(Wang et al., 2007; Wan et al., 2010),位于华夏板块东北角(图1a),是华南地区重要的成矿带。研究表明,武夷地区在加里东时期发生了褶皱造山运动;印支时期形成了复式背斜隆起,逆冲走滑断裂与推覆构造、韧性剪切带以及交代–侵入花岗岩带;燕山时期形成了推覆构造,并伴有中酸性岩浆侵入(梅勇文,1998曾勇廖等,2000舒良树等,2008Faure et al., 2009)。

    图  1  华南地区构造简图(a)与武夷北地区地质简图(b)(改自Yu et al., 2012
    Figure  1.  (a) Schematic diagram of the structures of South China and (b) geological map of the northern Wuyi area

    上水桥萤石矿床位于华南褶皱系武夷成矿带北端,又称武夷北地区(Yu et al.,2012)(图1b)。其北以江山–绍兴断裂带的扬子地块为界。东部紧靠丽水–政和–大埔深断裂带,与东南沿海省份的火山岩带相邻(Xu et al.,2005)。西侧与鹰潭–安远断裂带及赣中褶皱带接近。南界为石城–宁化–南平中元古代弧内裂谷。武夷北地区的地层系统由前震旦纪基岩、震旦纪至中三叠世海相沉积地层、中生代陆相层序和火山岩组成。基底下段是一套形成于晚太古界—早元古代的变质岩,上段主要包括中新元古代晚期的变质地层(Zhao, 1999)。盖层的下段为下震旦统—下古生界,上段则由泥盆系—中三叠统组成。武夷北地区的狭长盆地内广泛分布着由大陆沉积岩和火山喷发堆积岩组成的晚三叠世—白垩纪地层。该地区曾经历了加里东期、印支期、燕山期和喜山期等多次岩浆活动。其中,燕山期的构造岩浆活动范围最广,也最具主导性。区域内岩浆岩分布较广,以带状分布为主,多呈NE向延伸(Charvet et al.,2010Wang et al.,2011)。

    武夷北地区的构造断裂较为复杂。北部以江山–绍兴缝合带为代表的EW向断裂,在控制岩浆活动和成矿作用方面起着关键作用。永平、冷水坑等中大型多金属矿床分布在该断裂及其南侧。NE向的断裂被许多长英质岩脉和部分基性岩脉侵入,这些断裂群控制着燕山期岩浆活动,闽西北的浦城和邵武等地区萤石矿床赋存于其中(朱利岗等,2021金松等,2022)。其他NE-N至SN的断裂群也在一定程度上控制了中生代陆内造山活动、岩浆活动和成矿作用(刘迅等,1999Yu et al.,2012)。

    上水桥萤石矿床品位约为53%,资源量大于30万吨,为一中型萤石矿床。矿区东南角地表露出下古生界罗峰溪群的绿片岩相浅变质地层。在矿区周边区域,仅有深成侵入岩体和第四系出露(图2)。深成侵入岩体为燕山早期黑云母花岗岩,其出露面积较大且分布广泛。第四系主要出露于低洼、平缓的区域及山沟谷壑中,以山谷洪积相为主。其岩性组成包括红土砾石、泛黄色砂砾石、灰黄色砂土、黏土层、中至粗砂层,期间夹杂少量岩石碎屑及石英砾岩,平均厚度超过10 m(万禄进等,2000)。

    图  2  江西省黎川县上水桥萤石矿区地质图(a)与上水桥萤石矿床42号勘探线剖面图(b)
    Figure  2.  (a) Geological map of the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit in Lichuan County, Jiangxi Province and (b) sectional view of No. 42 exploration line of the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit

    上水桥萤石矿区内褶皱不发育,主要发育断裂构造,以近EW向脆性断裂为主,规模较大,周围也存在一些NW向和NNW向的断裂,但它们的规模均相对主断裂较小。成矿期近EW向断裂为F1断裂,是矿区主要的导矿储矿断裂;该断裂横穿整个矿区,局部可见黑云母花岗岩透镜体。这一断裂经历了至少两次构造活动,首次构造运动形成以碎粉岩为主的断层岩还夹杂少量构造角砾岩;后期经硅化作用形成了硅化岩及硅化碎粒岩。第二次构造运动形成了宽为1~6 m的破碎带,杂乱分布在早期硅化破碎带当中,部分地段发育断层面以及断层角砾岩。大部分角砾岩经放射状石英晶簇包裹后,外层再次被萤石包覆,还有部分断层角砾岩则经历了后期的萤石交代。

    上水桥萤石矿区出露呈岩基产出的燕山早期第三阶段第三次侵入岩,出露面积约为0.42 km2,岩性为中粗粒黑云母花岗岩(敖平等,2020)。岩石新鲜面呈肉红色–浅肉红色,风化后为灰白色、黄褐色,为中粗粒花岗结构,块状构造。矿物成分主要为长石、石英及黑云母。岩石中副矿物以磁铁矿为主,次为锆石、榍石等。此外,脉岩主要包括闪长玢岩、花岗细晶岩脉以及花岗斑岩脉,这些脉岩贯穿于早期构造裂隙中。

    上水桥萤石矿区已发现5个萤石矿体(图2a),整体呈EW向分布,受EW向F1断裂控制。其中I-1号矿体和I-2号矿体为主矿体,呈脉状、透镜状产于F1断裂硅化破碎带内,矿体倾向北、倾角为50°~81°;II号矿体位于I-2号矿体的南侧5~12 m处,属于F1断层下盘,受F1派生断裂所控制,矿体倾向北、倾角为45°~58°,呈薄脉状、透镜状;III和IV号矿体位于I-2号矿体北侧5~40 m,受F1断层上盘内的派生断裂控制,呈薄脉状、透镜状,矿体倾向北、倾角为30°~60°。

    上水桥萤石矿区内主要有萤石–石英型和石英–萤石型两种类型,矿石矿物为萤石,萤石含量一般为25%~75%。萤石颜色主要为浅绿–深绿色、紫色或白色(图3a~图3c)。脉石矿物含量一般为35%~65%,以石英为主,少量残余原岩,如碎裂花岗岩角砾、黑云母、长石及其蚀变形成的绿泥石、高岭石等黏土矿物,除此之外,脉石矿物含少量方解石。矿石结构主要以半自形粒状结构为主,次为角砾或压碎结构、交代结构。矿石构造多为块状构造、条纹或条带状构造,当矿石中有石英脉贯入时可具网脉状构造、晶洞构造。块状构造萤石主要以绿色为主,少数为紫色,局部含围岩角砾(图3a、图3b),主要分布于矿体上、下部,少量分布于矿体中部,为矿体早期成矿产物,是矿区常见的一种构造类型。

    图  3  上水桥萤石矿床钻孔岩心照片
    a.浅绿–深绿色萤石;b.紫色萤石局部含围岩角砾;c.白色萤石; d.围岩–黑云母花岗岩; e.萤石与围岩接触界线;Fl.萤石;Qtz.石英;Kfs.钾长石;Bit.黑云母
    Figure  3.  Photos of the drill core sample from the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit

    矿体的上下界面主要由断层破碎带内的碎裂(花岗)岩、角砾岩、碎粉岩以及断层泥等组成。在后期硅化作用下,这些组分常转化为硅化岩;而矿体的围岩则为中粗粒黑云母花岗岩(图3d、图3e)。破碎带附近的围岩通常发育被石英脉充填的裂隙,且围岩经历了较强的风化和黏土矿化,与破碎带相距较远的围岩,其蚀变和矿化程度相对较低。矿体与破碎带内围岩常呈渐变过渡关系,接触界线不清晰,局部地段围岩含量接近矿石的边界品位。矿区内围岩蚀变主要为硅化,其次为绢云母化、褐铁矿化、高岭土化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化等(敖平等,2020)。

    本次研究对上水桥萤石矿床的围岩和不同颜色萤石进行了采样工作,其中采集的白色、紫色、浅绿色和深绿色4种萤石矿样品来自矿区的ZK3402、ZK3403、ZK4602钻孔岩心,围岩样品采自矿区ZK4602、ZK5405、ZK3402、ZK2601、ZK1004、ZK3403、ZK3404、ZK5004钻孔。

    围岩微量元素分析采用广州拓岩分析技术有限公司的Jena Plasma Quant 电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定。在分析之前对样品进行前处理,将样品粉碎,使其达到200目的颗粒度后稀释1000倍。然后将大约0.05 g的粉末状样品放置在聚四氟乙烯容器中,再添加0.6 ml氢氟酸(HF)和3 ml硝酸(HNO3)。将容器密封,并放入电烤箱中,在185 ℃的条件下加热约36 h。待样品冷却后,将容器再次加热以蒸发溶液中的液体,留下固体残渣。将200 ng的铑(Rh)内标物质加入样品用来校准分析结果,以纠正可能的仪器误差。加入2 ml HNO3和4 ml水将残渣重新溶解,然后将容器再次密封,并置于135 ℃的电烘箱中,进行约5 h的溶解过程。最终,溶解的残渣样品用于后续分析,并使用水标准溶液进行校准以获得准确的分析结果。

    萤石矿样品制成激光片后对其微量元素进行了激光剥蚀–电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)分析。样品分析测试在东华理工大学核资源与环境国家重点实验室完成,使用了PerkinElmer NexION 1000四极杆ICP-MS,搭配ESI NWR 257 nm飞秒激光器,进行激光剥蚀。具体的实验参数如下:激光剥蚀能量密度为5.0 J/cm2,脉冲频率为5 Hz,剥蚀直径为50 μm。在激光剥蚀的过程中,氦气被用作载气,而氩气则作为补偿气体,在进入质谱仪前通过一个T型接头将这两种气体混合用来细致调节质谱仪的灵敏度。为了进行微量元素含量的校正和分馏校正,采用了玻璃标准物质NIST 610作为外部标准。每个时间分辨分析数据均包括30 s的空白信号和45 s的样品信号,以确保数据的可靠性和准确性。最后使用了Iolite软件对分析数据进行离线处理,以获取精确的微量元素含量和分布信息(Paton et al., 2011)。

    上水桥萤石矿床的围岩黑云母花岗岩的微量元素测试结果见表1。围岩的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分型式图(图4a)显示,8个围岩样品的稀土元素配分模式基本一致,均呈现出右倾和Eu负异常的特征。其δEu值为0.63~0.81,均值为0.73;δCe值为0.93~1.57,平均值为1.11。围岩的∑REE含量为356×10−6~447×10−6,平均值为405×10−6;Y含量为19.1~24.3,平均值为21.3;LREE/HREE值为20.67~25.82,平均值为23.51;(La/Yb)N值为33.18~47.82,平均值为41.40。上水桥萤石矿床花岗岩的微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(图5a)显示,围岩相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb以及高场强元素U,而亏损大离子亲石元素Ba及高场强元素Nb、Zr、Ti、Hf。矿体远矿围岩样品(ZK1004、ZK3403、ZK3404)CaF2含量为0.51%~1.50%,近矿围岩样品(ZK4602、ZK5405、ZK3402、ZK2601、ZK5004)CaF2含量变化较大,为1.44%~9.34%。

    表  1  黎川上水桥萤石矿床围岩微量元素(10−6)和CaF2(%)分析结果
    Table  1.  Analysis results of trace elements (10−6) and CaF2 (%) in the surrounding rocks of the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit in Lichuan
    样品号ZK4602ZK5405ZK3402ZK2601ZK5004ZK1004ZK3403ZK3404
    样品名花岗岩花岗岩花岗岩花岗岩花岗岩花岗岩花岗岩花岗岩
    Rb252275292252304243252254
    Ba20701500202016401820217020802010
    Th50.663.346.648.755.953.362.610.0
    U7.5610.38.108.369.258.839.939.14
    Nb18.623.220.020.420.319.920.422.5
    Sr761336477625643777730689
    Zr184274246227247263254251
    Ti20012634226921442105246221902302
    La10210798.710911791.011891.6
    Ce159186161178211196210250
    Pr17.118.916.517.618.616.619.316.7
    Nd53.667.357.159.661.063.966.060.9
    Sm8.4410.609.168.879.509.579.419.63
    Eu1.611.831.721.831.912.111.871.97
    Gd5.597.466.156.316.556.706.416.52
    Tb0.720.940.800.770.820.880.850.85
    Dy3.544.603.763.894.124.304.034.28
    Ho0.650.850.730.760.770.780.740.82
    Er1.842.352.021.972.002.042.032.14
    Tm0.250.320.260.280.280.310.300.31
    Yb1.532.141.781.721.781.841.821.98
    Lu0.230.300.250.270.270.280.270.29
    Y19.124.322.019.920.621.420.822.2
    ΣREE356.10410.58359.94390.88435.61396.30441.03447.99
    LREE341.75391.63344.18374.90419.01379.18424.58430.80
    HREE14.3518.9515.7615.9816.6017.1216.4517.19
    LREE/HREE23.8120.6721.8423.4625.2422.1425.8225.07
    (La/Yb)N47.8235.8639.7745.4647.1535.4846.5133.18
    δEu0.720.630.700.750.740.810.740.76
    δCe0.931.010.981.001.111.241.081.57
    CaF22.069.345.181.443.660.741.500.51
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    图  4  上水桥萤石矿床围岩及萤石球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线图(标准数据引自Sun et al.,1989
    Figure  4.  Standardized rare earth element distribution curves of the surrounding rocks of the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit and fluorite chondrites
    图  5  上水桥萤石矿床围岩及萤石原始地幔标准化微量元素配分曲线图(标准数据引自Taylor et al.,1985
    Figure  5.  Standardized trace amounts of the surrounding rocks of the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit and the original fluorite mantle element partitioning curve

    上水桥萤石矿床的萤石矿样品微量元素测试结果见表2。上水桥萤石矿床中不同颜色萤石的稀土元素的含量及其配分模式有所不同(图4b~图4d)。紫色萤石的∑REE含量为22.06×10−6~31.33×10−6,平均值为25.73×10−6;Y含量为6.66×10−6~15.59×10−6,平均值为10.28×10−6;LREE/HREE值为3.01~8.64,平均值为4.92(图6a图6b);(La/Yb)N值为3.81~28.46,平均值为11.91;指示紫色萤石具有轻稀土富集的特征。其在配分曲线图中整体表现出正Eu异常,δEu值为1.02~2.15,平均值为1.38;δCe值为0.77~1.01,平均值为0.84(图6c图6d)。白色萤石的∑REE含量为12.90×10−6~88.22×10−6,平均值为46.95×10−6;Y含量为21.03×10−6~256.5×10−6,平均值为102.9×10−6;LREE/HREE值为0.33~0.91,平均值为0.59(图6a图6b);(La/Yb)N值为0.11~072,平均值为0.37;指示白色萤石具有重稀土富集的特征。其在稀土元素配分曲线图中整体表现出轻微的负Ce异常;δEu值为0.78~1.49,平均值为0.96;δCe值为0.76~1.04,平均值为0.88(图6c图6d)。浅绿色的萤石∑REE含量为21.44×10−6~268.5×10−6,平均值为77.97×10−6;Y含量为2.34×10−6~6.92×10−6,均值为3.99×10−6;LREE/HREE值为23.59~199.1,均值为67.05(图6a图6b);(La/Yb)N值为54.14~4397,均值为948.2;显示出较强的轻稀土富集特征。其在配分曲线图中整体表现出强烈的正Eu异常,δEu值为4.18~27.7,平均值为9.73;δCe值为0.75~1.29,平均值为0.94(图6c图6d)。深绿色萤石的∑REE含量为421.6×10−6~879.7×10−6,平均值为673.6×10−6;Y含量为137.9×10−6~427.7×10−6,平均值为252.3×10−6;LREE/HREE值为3.07~15.51,平均值为8.04(图6a图6b);(La/Yb)N值为2.02~17.48,平均值为8.21,指示深绿色萤石也具有轻稀土富集的特征。在稀土元素配分曲线图中整体表现为正Eu异常,δEu值为1.40~2.66,平均值为2.13;δCe值为0.89~1.04,平均值为0.96(图6c图6d)。不同颜色萤石的配分曲线整体趋势相近,显示出相对富集高场强元素U以及大离子亲石元素Rb,而亏损高场强元素Nb、Zr、Ti、Hf以及大离子亲石元素Ba(图5b)。

    表  2  黎川上水桥萤石矿床萤石微量元素(10−6)分析结果表
    Table  2.  Analysis results of fluorite trace elements (10−6) in the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit in Lichuan
    样品号 样品名 Rb Ba Th U Nb Sr Zr Ti La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd
    ZK3402-1 白色萤石 0.008 0.003 67.20 1.00 2.51 0.43 2.78 1.99 0.81 4.97
    ZK3402-2 白色萤石 84.23 1.61 3.13 0.64 3.51 2.61 0.97 4.92
    ZK3402-3 白色萤石 0.017 87.33 2.40 5.99 1.13 6.26 3.35 1.54 6.00
    ZK3402-4 白色萤石 0.002 45.17 1.29 4.18 0.76 4.93 3.28 1.32 6.33
    ZK3402-5 白色萤石 0.064 0.015 98.35 0.026 3.68 8.60 1.46 6.72 4.27 1.70 7.68
    ZK3402-6 白色萤石 0.023 0.001 103.2 2.16 4.54 0.89 4.49 2.41 1.09 4.96
    ZK3402-7 白色萤石 0.017 0.008 84.43 0.018 1.24 2.07 0.33 1.58 0.53 0.40 1.27
    ZK3402-8 白色萤石 100.6 0.012 1.96 4.27 0.72 4.69 2.00 1.01 4.67
    ZK3402-9 白色萤石 0.016 0.092 0.013 0.004 100.7 3.07 6.67 1.11 6.30 3.69 1.73 7.81
    ZK3402-10 白色萤石 0.013 111.3 1.60 2.88 0.47 3.12 1.84 0.79 3.69
    ZK3402-11 白色萤石 0.017 100.2 1.02 2.24 0.37 2.23 1.28 0.35 2.13
    ZK3402-12 白色萤石 0.022 86.81 0.005 0.903 3.34 6.94 0.96 5.69 3.94 1.81 7.32
    ZK3402-13 白色萤石 0.005 115.2 3.01 6.51 1.18 6.14 3.31 1.36 6.83
    ZK3402-14 白色萤石 0.033 0.084 0.034 94.09 0.055 3.25 6.68 1.17 8.03 5.35 2.76 12.9
    ZK3403-1 紫色萤石 0.149 0.134 0.016 0.005 104.4 8.62 12.8 1.12 4.98 0.76 0.48 1.10
    ZK3403-2 紫色萤石 0.003 0.006 92.66 5.46 7.49 0.78 3.84 0.98 0.47 1.62
    ZK3403-3 紫色萤石 0.003 0.053 0.002 0.006 95.80 5.37 7.03 0.93 4.39 0.92 0.69 1.05
    ZK3403-4 紫色萤石 0.006 0.008 73.80 0.444 5.85 7.86 0.91 3.94 1.17 0.48 1.49
    ZK3403-5 紫色萤石 0.014 0.070 0.012 83.55 5.78 8.53 1.17 5.90 1.89 0.75 1.87
    ZK3403-6 紫色萤石 84.04 4.94 6.75 0.93 3.45 1.48 0.74 1.50
    ZK3403-7 紫色萤石 67.33 4.92 6.59 0.81 3.47 1.31 0.59 2.36
    ZK3403-8 紫色萤石 0.005 0.065 0.001 75.19 0.610 5.93 7.96 0.97 3.92 1.09 0.68 2.57
    ZK4602-1 深绿色萤石 0.074 0.004 0.114 152.9 0.012 141 314 44.0 165 31.3 25.4 27.9
    ZK4602-2 深绿色萤石 0.073 0.041 0.255 180.2 156 374 49.4 191 32.7 24.1 23.6
    ZK4602-3 深绿色萤石 0.107 150.4 0.334 108 247 36.7 151 28.5 20.9 28.3
    ZK4602-4 深绿色萤石 0.017 0.302 0.094 127.0 55.4 127 19.8 95.7 24.8 13.9 25.6
    ZK4602-5 深绿色萤石 0.131 128.5 72.1 164 28.5 136 36.6 17.7 40.6
    ZK4602-6 浅绿色萤石 0.258 0.192 0.090 180.2 0.106 7.55 9.83 1.10 3.57 0.53 0.94 0.26
    ZK4602-7 浅绿色萤石 0.270 0.190 0.084 0.005 175.3 7.63 7.69 0.82 3.00 0.63 0.85 0.42
    ZK4602-8 浅绿色萤石 0.145 0.467 0.088 177.5 0.515 8.18 9.93 1.04 3.41 0.71 0.69 0.35
    ZK4602-9 浅绿色萤石 0.314 0.410 0.136 187.8 0.045 15.3 18.5 1.74 2.79 0.45 1.16 0.45
    ZK4602-10 浅绿色萤石 0.025 0.139 0.182 173.4 87.5 135 11.4 26.5 1.55 5.66 1.15
    ZK4602-11 浅绿色萤石 0.121 0.008 0.124 0.010 162.0 0.220 25.3 53.4 4.08 11.5 1.45 2.87 1.00
    ZK4602-12 浅绿色萤石 0.118 0.216 0.211 173.5 31.9 42.7 3.52 8.22 0.96 1.63 0.99
    ZK4602-13 浅绿色萤石 0.027 0.037 0.120 141.7 0.010 14.5 23.3 2.69 7.44 0.64 4.05 0.31
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    续表2
    样品号 样品名 Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y ΣREE LREE HREE LREE/
    HREE
    LaN/YbN δEu δCe
    ZK3402-1 白色萤石 1.10 8.71 1.89 6.11 0.75 4.80 0.598 85.1 38.46 9.52 28.94 0.33 0.15 0.78 0.94
    ZK3402-2 白色萤石 0.87 7.16 1.73 4.74 0.68 4.28 0.593 79.3 37.44 12.47 24.97 0.50 0.27 0.83 0.76
    ZK3402-3 白色萤石 1.34 11.3 2.45 7.06 1.12 7.72 0.952 95.5 58.60 20.67 37.94 0.54 0.22 1.05 0.89
    ZK3402-4 白色萤石 1.34 10.4 2.35 7.39 1.19 8.23 1.308 80.7 54.25 15.75 38.49 0.41 0.11 0.88 1.04
    ZK3402-5 白色萤石 1.61 12.5 3.07 8.78 0.92 5.85 0.801 152 67.65 26.43 41.23 0.64 0.45 0.91 0.91
    ZK3402-6 白色萤石 1.06 8.20 1.77 4.73 0.61 4.03 0.500 81.5 41.46 15.59 25.86 0.60 0.39 0.96 0.80
    ZK3402-7 白色萤石 0.31 1.93 0.34 1.41 0.14 1.22 0.131 21.0 12.90 6.15 6.76 0.91 0.72 1.49 0.80
    ZK3402-8 白色萤石 0.81 6.33 1.35 4.21 0.65 3.29 0.381 68.5 36.35 14.66 21.69 0.68 0.43 1.01 0.88
    ZK3402-9 白色萤石 1.60 11.6 2.82 7.98 0.90 5.86 0.776 151 61.90 22.57 39.32 0.57 0.38 0.98 0.89
    ZK3402-10 白色萤石 0.67 4.60 1.27 3.44 0.41 2.43 0.364 56.6 27.55 10.69 16.86 0.63 0.47 0.92 0.82
    ZK3402-11 白色萤石 0.45 3.05 0.71 2.26 0.22 1.48 0.295 27.7 18.10 7.49 10.60 0.71 0.50 0.65 0.89
    ZK3402-12 白色萤石 1.55 9.90 2.62 7.86 1.02 5.52 0.783 137 59.25 22.68 36.57 0.62 0.43 1.03 0.95
    ZK3402-13 白色萤石 1.54 8.69 2.34 7.65 0.93 5.11 0.631 148 55.24 21.51 33.73 0.64 0.42 0.88 0.85
    ZK3402-14 白色萤石 2.67 17.3 4.29 11.8 1.61 9.28 1.112 257 88.22 27.25 60.97 0.45 0.25 1.02 0.84
    ZK3403-1 紫色萤石 0.15 1.01 0.17 0.47 0.05 0.33 0.051 6.66 32.04 28.72 3.32 8.64 18.67 1.60 1.01
    ZK3403-2 紫色萤石 0.16 0.96 0.13 0.33 0.03 0.14 0.058 8.46 22.44 19.02 3.42 5.56 28.46 1.15 0.89
    ZK3403-3 紫色萤石 0.14 0.68 0.12 0.35 0.02 0.33 0.053 7.94 22.06 19.32 2.74 7.05 11.64 2.15 0.77
    ZK3403-4 紫色萤石 0.31 1.04 0.29 0.66 0.07 0.46 0.094 10.3 24.63 20.22 4.41 4.59 9.15 1.12 0.84
    ZK3403-5 紫色萤石 0.32 2.25 0.36 1.10 0.17 1.09 0.146 15.6 31.33 24.02 7.31 3.29 3.81 1.22 0.80
    ZK3403-6 紫色萤石 0.22 1.52 0.28 0.57 0.09 0.60 0.088 8.94 23.14 18.28 4.86 3.76 5.89 1.51 0.77
    ZK3403-7 紫色萤石 0.18 1.27 0.25 0.64 0.09 0.29 0.080 10.3 22.85 17.69 5.16 3.43 12.20 1.02 0.81
    ZK3403-8 紫色萤石 0.30 1.76 0.30 0.80 0.16 0.78 0.162 14.0 27.37 20.55 6.82 3.01 5.48 1.25 0.81
    ZK4602-1 深绿色萤石 3.03 18.1 3.06 7.43 0.90 8.33 1.565 231 791.3 721.0 70.24 10.26 12.18 2.63 0.98
    ZK4602-2 深绿色萤石 2.36 12.3 1.92 4.99 0.69 6.40 1.027 138 879.7 826.4 53.27 15.51 17.48 2.66 1.04
    ZK4602-3 深绿色萤石 3.24 20.1 3.64 9.21 1.42 12.1 2.027 216 671.7 591.7 79.99 7.40 6.40 2.25 0.96
    ZK4602-4 深绿色萤石 3.98 22.5 4.07 11.1 1.62 13.3 2.638 249 421.6 336.8 84.81 3.97 2.98 1.69 0.94
    ZK4602-5 深绿色萤石 5.85 38.4 8.19 22.3 3.08 25.6 4.408 428 603.6 455.2 148.4 3.07 2.02 1.40 0.89
    ZK4602-6 浅绿色萤石 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.04 0.01 2.86 24.02 23.52 0.50 46.93 440.9 7.68 0.84
    ZK4602-7 浅绿色萤石 0.03 0.16 0.05 0.06 0.10 6.13 21.44 20.62 0.82 25.03 54.14 5.04 0.75
    ZK4602-8 浅绿色萤石 0.06 0.34 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.020 3.95 24.98 23.96 1.02 23.59 57.49 4.18 0.84
    ZK4602-9 浅绿色萤石 0.04 0.25 0.02 0.01 0.004 2.34 40.67 39.89 0.78 50.90 7.86 0.88
    ZK4602-10 浅绿色萤石 0.04 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.004 3.40 268.5 267.2 1.34 199.1 4397 12.96 1.04
    ZK4602-11 浅绿色萤石 0.01 0.29 0.04 0.01 3.37 99.96 98.58 1.38 71.66 1489 7.27 1.29
    ZK4602-12 浅绿色萤石 0.06 0.33 0.06 0.23 0.01 0.24 0.004 6.92 90.85 88.93 1.92 46.39 95.04 5.11 0.99
    ZK4602-13 浅绿色萤石 0.05 0.23 0.02 0.10 0.002 2.99 53.32 52.60 0.72 72.76 103.4 27.70 0.91
     注:“—”为低于检测限。
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    图  6  上水桥萤石矿床不同颜色萤石∑REE、LREE/HREE、δEu和δCe箱形图
    Figure  6.  Box plots of ∑REE, LREE/HREE, δEu and δCe of different colors of fluorite in the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit

    研究表明,萤石中的REE含量主要受控于热液流体中的REE浓度,而REE的分配模式主要受制于成矿物质的来源和成矿流体中REE络合物的稳定性(Graf,1977; Möller,1983Bau et al.,1992孙海瑞等,2014邹灏等,2014)。在简单的卤化物溶液中,REE络合物的稳定性随着原子序数从La到Lu的递增而增加,次稳定的REE络合物更容易从流体中析出(Strong et al.,1984)。萤石中稀土元素的分布与成矿阶段的演化密切相联。在成矿的初期阶段,元素的迁移主要由吸附–解吸作用主导,使得萤石中相对富集轻稀土元素(LREE)。然而,在成矿的晚期阶段,元素的迁移以络合作用为主导,HREE-F络合物的稳定性更高,使得流体中相对富集HREE。随着萤石的不断析出,流体中F含量逐渐降低,(HREE)F2+逐渐解体,使得成矿后期流体中∑REE降低、HREE富集。因此,晚阶段形成的萤石其∑REE降低,但相对更富集HREE(Bau et al., 1992; 许东青等,2009曹华文等,2014)。

    上水桥萤石矿床中,浅绿色萤石的∑REE含量低于深绿色萤石,而LREE/HREE值和(La/Yb)N值则高于深绿色萤石,表明深绿色萤石相对浅绿色萤石更富集重稀土元素。浅绿色萤石的LREE/HREE值为23.59~199.1,(La/Yb)N值为54.14~4397;相比之下,深绿色萤石LREE/HREE值为3.07~15.51,(La/Yb)N值为2.02~17.48,表明浅绿色萤石内的稀土元素分馏作用更加显著,代表了更长期的成矿流体演化过程。综合而言,从浅绿色萤石到深绿色萤石,∑REE含量增加,LREE/HREE值和(La/Yb)N值减小,LREE/HREE值和(La/Yb)N值的变化范围更大(图6a图6b),这表明浅绿色萤石向深绿色萤石具有重新活化的趋势(Bau et al.,1995)。紫色萤石的∑REE含量(均值为25.73×10−6)较浅绿色、深绿色萤石低。LREE/HREE值(均值为4.92)大于1,显示出轻稀土富集的特征,但是比浅绿色、深绿色萤石的LREE/HREE(均值分别为67.05、8.04)低。

    白色萤石的∑REE含量(均值为46.95×10−6)比紫色萤石高,但低于浅绿色、深绿色萤石;与其他颜色萤石不同,白色萤石的LREE/HREE值、(La/Yb)N值均小于1(图6a图6b);稀土元素配分曲线整体表现较平缓,区别于其他颜色萤石为重稀土富集型,可能指示白色萤石的REE主要以络合作用发生迁移,成矿流体演化过程较长,相对其他颜色萤石成矿时间更晚(许东青等,2009)。研究区不同颜色萤石的稀土元素特征的差异与成矿流体的不断演化有关,且这种差异性可能说明上水桥萤石矿床存在至少两期次萤石成矿作用,早期可能为浅绿色、深绿色和紫色萤石,晚期为白色萤石。虽然当前的钻孔岩心编录和镜下观察未发现不同颜色萤石的空间赋存关系,但是后续工作应加强对该认识的岩相学研究。

    Tb/Ca-Tb/La图解已经广泛应用于判断萤石矿床的成因类型(Möller et al., 1976曹俊臣,1995夏学惠等,2009孙海瑞等,2014张成信等,2019Liu et al.,2023)。在该图解中(图7a),横坐标的Tb/La值可用来反映萤石结晶时间的先后,纵坐标Tb/Ca原子比值反映了萤石结晶时的地球化学环境。在成矿流体迁移时,Tb和La络合物的稳定性不同,Tb/La值的增加表明在成矿过程中,稀土元素发生了明显的分馏现象,使得后期结晶的萤石富含Tb而相对贫乏La,这种趋势反映了REE的分馏和萤石结晶的时序性(Möller et al., 1976)。对研究区不同颜色萤石样品进行投图,浅绿色萤石样品均投在图中的较低点,表明浅绿色萤石结晶发生在成矿的早期阶段;而白色萤石样品均投在REE分馏曲线的较高处,表明白色萤石为后期矿化形成。并且,所有萤石样品的数据点均投在Tb/Ca-Tb/La图解的热液成因区,表明上水桥萤石矿床是热液成因的产物。

    图  7  上水桥萤石矿床不同颜色萤石Tb/Ca-Tb/La关系图(a)(底图据Möller et al.,1976)与上水桥萤石矿床不同颜色萤石La/Ho-Y/Ho关系图(b)(底图据Bau et al.,1995
    Figure  7.  (a) Tb/Ca-Tb/La relationship diagram and (b) La/Ho-Y/Ho relationship diagram of different colors of fluorite in the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit

    研究表明,在大多数情况下,稀土元素都以+3价的稳定形式存在于地质环境当中。然而,当外部环境(如温度、氧化还原条件等)发生改变时,Eu3+和Ce3+则会发生价态变化,分别转化为Eu2+和Ce4+的状态。Eu2+和Ce4+与稀土元素的+3价形式(REE3+)在性质上有显著差异,导致它们在流体迁移过程中与其他稀土元素发生分离,从而在稀土元素的配分曲线中产生Eu或Ce的异常特征。这些Eu或Ce异常特征通常被用来指示成矿流体的温度和氧化还原条件(Constantopoulos, 1988; Williams-Jones et al., 2000; 王国芝等,2003曹华文等,2014; Rollinson, 2014)。具体而言,在较高温度(>250 ℃)和还原条件下,Eu在热液流体中主要以Eu2+形式存在,Eu2+的离子半径(1.33 Å)大于Ca2+的离子半径(1.2 Å),不易置换萤石中的Ca2+,导致萤石中Eu负异常出现。而在温度较低(<200 ℃)的氧化环境下,Eu以Eu3+形式居多,更容易置换萤石晶格中的Ca2+,形成Eu正异常。在氧化条件下,Ce主要以Ce4+形式存在,而Ce4+在流体中的溶解度较低,容易和流体中的氢氧化物结合并脱离溶液体系,导致从流体中析出的萤石出现Ce负异常(Taylor et al., 1982; 刘英俊等,1987王中刚等,1989Bau et al., 1992)。上水桥矿床萤石整体呈现正Eu异常和负Ce异常,指示矿物结晶温度较低,结晶时可能处于氧化环境。白色萤石Eu异常不明显,可能指示其结晶时处于较弱的氧化环境。因此,区内成矿流体演化时处于较低温的开放体系下。

    Y和Ho的地球化学性质相似,在示踪成矿流体作用过程中,Y/Ho值通常作为一种重要参数(Irber, 1999)。Bau等(1995)对众多萤石矿床的稀土元素特征进行深入研究后提出了Y/Ho~La/Ho关系图,该图可以有效地判断成矿流体的同源性。研究指出,Y和Ho的分馏和成矿流体的成分及物理化学性质有关,Y和Ho的分馏发生在流体迁移的过程中。如果萤石是同源的流体形成的,那么它们通常会具有相近的Y/Ho值和La/Ho值;如果萤石经历了后期沉淀,那么它们的Y/Ho值变化范围较小,La/Ho值的变化范围较宽。研究区萤石数据Y/Ho-La/Ho图解显示(图7b),不同颜色的萤石整体呈水平带状分布,说明该研究区内萤石的成矿流体具有同源性,但是不同颜色萤石的La/Ho值变化范围较大,可能指示成矿流体经历了不同阶段的演化过程。研究表明,在含F量较高的成矿流体体系中,Y相对于Ho显示出显著的富集,Y/Ho值通常超过28(Veksler et al., 2005)。研究区萤石的Y/Ho值相近,且均大于28,说明区内萤石矿的成矿流体富含F元素。

    中国典型的热液脉型萤石矿床气液包裹体H-O同位素研究表明(曹俊臣,1994Li et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2023),华南地区福建、江西、浙江等省内萤石矿H-O同位素数据的投点均落在大气降水线的右下方,且更靠近大气降水线,表明了大气降水在华南地区热液脉型萤石矿中起着重要作用。综上所述,研究区成矿流体可能为氧化环境下大气降水成因的中低温含F热液。

    Sm和Nd具有相似的化学性质且通常以+3价的形式存在,难以在地质过程中分离,因此,Sm/Nd值被广泛应用于揭示不同地质过程和岩石成因的源区特征(刘英俊等,1987Dill et al, 2011; 栗克坤等,2023)。研究区中白色萤石样品Sm/Nd值为0.34~0.74,均值为0.59;紫色萤石样品Sm/Nd值为0.15~0.43,均值为0.29;浅绿色萤石样品Sm/Nd值为0.06~0.21,均值为0.14;深绿色萤石样品Sm/Nd值为0.17~0.27,均值为0.22;围岩Sm/Nd值为0.15~0.16,均值为0.15(图8)。浅绿色、深绿色、紫色萤石和围岩的Sm/Nd值较为接近,且不同颜色萤石与围岩微量元素配分曲线趋势大致相同(图5),表明萤石矿的成矿物质来源与围岩之间存在密切的关系。白色萤石Sm/Nd值较围岩更高,可能由流体与围岩发生水岩反应进行到后期,溶液体系的pH值升高,萤石溶解度变低导致(Richardson et al., 1979)。后期形成的白色萤石更易直接从流体中析出,使得流体从围岩中萃取的元素较少,部分Sm、Nd可能来自流体本身,而不完全来自于围岩。

    图  8  上水桥萤石矿床不同颜色萤石及围岩Sm/Nd值箱形图
    Figure  8.  Box plot of Sm/Nd values of different colors of fluorite and surrounding rock in the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit

    上水桥萤石矿区内的围岩主要为燕山期黑云母花岗岩,围岩和萤石的微量元素配分模式相近,说明两者之间有一定关联(曹俊臣,1994)。研究区的围岩F含量为0.51%~9.34%(表1),均高于大陆地壳F元素丰度(470×10–6)(黎彤等,2011)的5~100倍,且越靠近矿体的围岩其F含量越高,暗示着围岩黑云母花岗岩可能为萤石矿床提供了大量的氟源。此外,区内燕山期黑云母花岗岩发生硅化和绢云母化等蚀变,可能指示构成萤石的Ca来自成矿流体与围岩的水岩反应(曹俊臣,1994栗克坤等,2023)。围岩黑云母花岗岩中的斜长石发生绢云母化,其化学方程式为Na[AlSi3O8]·Ca[Al2Si2O8](斜长石)+2H++K+→KAl2[AlSi3O10](OH)2(绢云母)+2SiO2+Na++Ca2+张潮等,2016),导致Ca2+从围岩黑云母花岗岩中的斜长石晶格中析出,转移至热液流体中。

    一般研究认为萤石矿床中成矿需要的F主要来自深部(地幔或基底地层),而Ca来自于蚀变围岩(彭建堂等,2003夏学惠等,2009邹灏等,2016a)。然而,部分萤石矿床研究也指出(李长江等,1991曹俊臣,1994朱利岗等,2021金松等,2022游超等,2022栗克坤等,2023Liu et al., 2023):华南地区萤石矿床中的Ca和F可能均来自于围岩,在地热水(主要为大气降水经地下热循环形成)与赋矿围岩(主要为燕山期花岗岩)发生水岩反应的过程中释放出来,萤石在合适的温度、压力以及pH值条件下,在有利的构造内成矿。本次研究推测上水桥萤石矿床的形成也可能与中国东南部拉张构造环境下的地热水循环有关(李长江等,1991)。在燕山早期,侵入的花岗岩浆固结形成黑云母花岗岩,随后经历风化、剥蚀以及构造运动产生裂隙。期间大气降水顺着裂隙下渗进入岩体内部,经深部热源循环加热成为地热水,并从岩体内淋滤汲取出Ca2+、F等成矿组分后,这些富矿热液沿断层等构造上升过程中伴随着降温、减压、pH值升高和REE分馏,导致了不同颜色萤石的析出。区内发育的东西向断裂破碎带,为富矿流体的迁移和含矿物质的沉淀提供了理想通道和位置,而不断演化的成矿流体在有利构造部位发生多期次成矿(图9)。

    图  9  上水桥萤石矿床成矿模式图
    Figure  9.  Metallogenic model of the Shangshuiqiao fluorite deposit

    (1)上水桥萤石的Y-REE含量以及LREE/HREE值的变化范围较大。萤石整体显示出Eu正异常和Ce负异常,指示萤石成矿过程处于中低温的氧化环境。不同颜色的萤石中,深绿色萤石的Y-REE含量最高。从浅绿色萤石到深绿色萤石,∑REE增大,LREE/HREE值和(La/Yb)N值减小,具有重新活化的趋势。白色萤石∑REE较低,LREE/HREE值小于1,相较于其他颜色萤石可能成矿时间更晚。

    (2)上水桥萤石矿床中萤石和围岩的微量元素配分曲线趋势大致相同,且具有相近的Sm/Nd值。近矿围岩发生硅化、绢云母化等蚀变,且越靠近矿体的围岩中F含量越高。结合前人的H-O同位素研究,认为萤石矿床的主要成矿物质Ca和F元素主要来自大气降水对围岩燕山早期黑云母花岗岩的淋滤和萃取。

    (3)上水桥萤石矿床的成矿流体来源相同,为同一成矿流体不同成矿期次的产物。萤石颜色的差异可能是由成矿流体不断演化、稀土元素的分馏导致。结合上水桥萤石矿床地质特征以及Tb/Ca-Tb/La和La/Ho-Y/Ho关系图,该萤石矿床成因类型为EW向断裂控制的多期次中低温热液充填型萤石矿床。

    致谢:野外采样工作得到了江西省地质局第十地质大队的大力支持,广州拓研分析技术有限公司和东华理工大学核资源与环境国家重点实验室承担样品的测试工作,在此表示诚挚的感谢;同时审稿专家的建议也使本文受益匪浅,再次表示衷心的感谢。

  • 图  1   祁漫塔格成矿带地质图(据Zhong et al.,2021b修改)

    图中显示了文中涉及的矿床的类型和位置;其中,沙丘、玛兴大阪、哈西雅图矿床位于图幅右侧,未在图中显示出来

    Figure  1.   Geological map of the Qimantagh metallogenic belt

    图  2   文中使用的成矿岩体和非成矿岩体的28种全岩特征箱状图

    Figure  2.   Box illustrations of the 28 features of the mineralized and barren magmatic rocks used in this study

    图  3   随机森林模型原理图

    Figure  3.   Random Forest model diagram

    图  4   训练的随机森林模型对测试集的评价图

    a. 混淆矩阵图;b. 受试者特征曲线

    Figure  4.   Classification result for the test set using the trained of Random Forest model

    图  5   祁漫塔格地区成矿岩体和非成矿岩体全岩密度图解

    a. Yb–La/Yb密度图解;b. Y–Sr/Y密度图解

    Figure  5.   Whole–rock density diagrams for the mineralized and barren rocks from the Qimantagh metallogenic belt

    图  6   外部独立验证数据集的分类结果图

    a. 成矿岩体分类结果图(数据来源于Guo et al.,2022Xu et al.,2023);b. 非成矿岩体分类结果图(数据来源于Ren et al.,2023

    Figure  6.   Plot of classification results for external independent validation dataset

    表  1   文中使用的成矿岩体和非成矿岩体数据来源表

    Table  1   Data sources of mineralized and barren magmatic rocks used in this study

    编号位置矿床类型岩体类型数据量数据来源
    1卡尔却卡矽卡岩铜铅锌矿床成矿岩体19高永宝,2013张雨莲等,2014
    姚磊,2015Zhong et al.,2021b
    斑岩铜矿成矿岩体17李碧乐等,2010李积清等,2016
    Zhong et al.,2018
    2虎头崖矽卡岩铜铅锌矿床成矿岩体55李侃等,2015时超等,2017
    姚磊,2015张晓飞等,2016
    张爱奎等,20122016
    Zhong et al.,2021b
    3鸭子沟矽卡岩铜铅锌矿床成矿岩体8舒树兰等,2014
    4维宝矽卡岩铜铅锌矿床成矿岩体5Zhong et al.,2018
    非成矿岩体3Zhong et al.,2018
    5拉陵灶火斑岩钼矿成矿岩体10陈静等,2013钟世华,2018
    非成矿岩体5Chen et al.,2018
    6小灶火斑岩钼矿成矿岩体4陈静等,2018
    7长山斑岩钼矿成矿岩体3Zhong et al.,2018
    8乌兰乌珠儿斑岩铜矿成矿岩体6谈生祥等,2011
    9野马泉矽卡岩铁矿床成矿岩体68高永宝等,2014刘建楠,2018
    姚磊,2015张爱奎等,2016
    张雷,2013Chen et al.,2018
    Yin et al.,2017Zhong et al.,20182021b
    10尕林格矽卡岩铁矿床成矿岩体48高永宝等,2012张杰等,2018
    11那陵郭勒河矽卡岩铁矿床成矿岩体11薛宁等,2009李玉春等,2013a
    张雷,2013
    12沙丘矽卡岩铁矿床成矿岩体2李玉春等,2013b
    13它温查汗矽卡岩铁矿床成矿岩体10杨涛等,2017
    14玛兴大阪矽卡岩铁矿床成矿岩体4吴祥珂等,2011
    非成矿岩体5Yan et al.,2019
    15于沟子矽卡岩铁矿床成矿岩体4高永宝,2013
    16哈西雅图矽卡岩铁矿床成矿岩体5南卡俄吾等,2014
    非成矿岩体5南卡俄吾等,2015
    17小圆山矽卡岩铁矿床成矿岩体10孔会磊等,20152016
    18肯德可克非成矿岩体5张明玉等,2018
    19冰沟非成矿岩体6刘彬等,2013
    20白干湖非成矿岩体14李国臣等,2012高永宝,2013
    21阿格腾非成矿岩体21徐博,2020
    22阿确礅非成矿岩体22李瑶,2017
    23其木来克非成矿岩体9陈邦学等,2019
    24阿牙克非成矿岩体3郝杰等,2003
    25伊涅克阿干非成矿岩体9陆济璞等,2005
    26希热芒崖非成矿岩体9陆济璞等,2006
    27鸭子泉非成矿岩体5崔美慧等,2011
    28祁漫塔格非成矿岩体124王秉璋,2012马文等,2013
    29巴音郭勒非成矿岩体8王秉璋,2012
    30哈得尔干非成矿岩体23王秉璋,2012
    31扎日玛日那非成矿岩体5姚磊,2015
    32玉苏普阿勒克非成矿岩体12Wang et al.,2014
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   文中汇编的成矿岩体和非成矿岩体的全岩地球化学特征表

    Table  2   Whole–rock geochemical characterization of mineralized and barren magmatic rocks compiled in this study

    元素特征成矿岩体非成矿岩体
    含量平均值含量平均值
    SiO249.6~78.170.247.5~78.068.1
    Al2O310.5~18.313.32.6~18.413.6
    Fe2O30.5~12.63.20.9~13.44.1
    MgO0.1~1.10.60.1~1.10.6
    CaO0.3~10.02.50.2~13.42.7
    Na2O0.7~4.93.00.7~6.23.0
    K2O0.7~7.74.00.3~7.83.9
    Ba36.0~2420.0502.513.0~2086.0588.0
    Rb21.0~580.0193.76.5~566.0166.3
    Nb3.1~59.013.90.5~89.716.6
    La6.1~148.034.25.1~170.039.8
    Ce20.9~196.066.211.1~362.080.0
    Pr1.6~33.97.51.5~41.89.7
    Nd6.0~108.026.45.9~148.035.5
    Sm1.5~14.84.91.4~22.67.2
    Eu0~2.30.80.1~6.81.2
    Gd1.2~14.34.41.3~20.66.6
    Tb0.2~3.20.70.2~3.51.1
    Dy1.1~23.04.00.7~24.56.1
    Ho0.2~5.10.80.2~5.21.2
    Er0.7~15.22.40.5~15.03.4
    Tm0.1~2.60.40.1~2.30.5
    Yb0.7~17.62.60.5~17.03.3
    Lu0.1~2.90.40.1~2.40.5
    Sr12.4~743.0206.51.1~927.0226.7
    Y6.8~164.824.23.7~157.032.4
    Sr/Y0.1~64.911.10.1~75.811.0
    La/Yb0.9~46.515.60.9~75.215.3
      注:主量元素含量为%;微量元素含量为10−6
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   随机森林模型分类结果表

    Table  3   Classification results of Random Forest model

    模型岩体类型总体准确率准确率AUC
    随机森林成矿岩体0.900.840.93
    非成矿岩体0.94
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2023-07-24
  • 修回日期:  2023-09-10
  • 录用日期:  2023-09-10
  • 网络出版日期:  2023-08-24
  • 刊出日期:  2023-12-19

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