Formation Mechanism of Acid Water and Treatment Method in Pyrite Mine: Example from Wuliba Pyrite Mine in Xixiang, Southern Shaanxi
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摘要:
硫铁矿矿山在开采过程中往往产生含有金属硫酸盐类的酸性矿排水，不仅腐蚀管道和设备，危害工人身体健康，还会严重污染水系，影响工农业和渔业生产，因而，系统解决硫铁矿矿山环境问题是矿山环保工作亟待解决的课题之一。系统分析矿山环境问题，深入认识酸性水形成机理，因地制宜提出其中一个或多个方法生态修复治理方案，是硫铁矿酸性矿排水生态修复的有效途径。笔者以陕南西乡五里坝硫铁矿为例，在分析矿硐、废渣、地表水及地面塌陷等环境现状和生态环境问题的基础上，重点分析酸性水产生的根源，提出了“地表水治理+地下水治理+地质灾害治理+生态修复+末端治理+环境监测”综合治理技术，最后探究了矿硐改性充填、弃渣资源化利用和塌陷区注浆加固3种治理模式，以期为类似地区矿山生态修复治理提供科学参考。
Abstract:Sulphate acid water is often produced in the mining process of pyrite mines, which not only corrodes pipelines and equipment, endangers workers’ health, but also seriously pollutes water system, affects industry, agriculture and fishery production. Therefore, it is one of the urgent tasks to solve the environmental problems of pyrite mines. Systematic analysis of mine environmental problems, in-depth understanding of the formation mechanism of acid water, and proposed one or more methods of ecological restoration and treatment programs according to local conditions are effective ways for ecological restoration of acid water in pyrite mines. Taking Wuliba Pyrite Mine in Xixiang County of South Shaanxi Province as an example, based on the analysis of the environmental status and ecological environment problems of mine cave, waste residue, surface water and ground subsidence, the paper analyzes the root of acid water, puts forward the comprehensive treatment technology of "surface water treatment + groundwater treatment + geological disaster treatment + ecological restoration + end treatment + environmental monitoring", and finally explores three treatment modes of mine cave modification filling, waste residue resource utilization and grouting reinforcement in subsidence area. It provides a scientific reference for the ecological restoration of mines in similar areas.
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图 4 流域地表水采样点位置及矿区地表水水化学类型演化规律图
a. 木梓河流域水地表水水化学类型演化规律图；b. 矿区周边地表水水化学类型演化规律图
Figure 4. The plot of the underground water quality evolution rul in the mning area and watershed
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图 5 矿硐和弃渣磺水现状图
a. 1006主平硐磺水现状图；b. 弃渣雨后磺水现状图
Figure 5. The plot of the current situation yellow water in the adit andwaste residue
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图 6 地质灾害分布现状（a）及三维实景模型图/机载LiDAR影像（b～f）
a. 地质灾害分布现状图；b. W-TX4三维实景模型正射影像；c. W-TX4机载LiDAR影像；d. W-TX6三维实景模型正射影像；e. W-TX6机载LiDAR影像；f.W-BWD2下错陡坎与局部塌陷区LiDAR影像
Figure 6. (a) The distribution graph of geological hazard and (b～f) real-time 3D/dairborne LiDAR image
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图 7 矿区地下水文循环模式图
Figure 7. The model graph of the groundwater circulation in mining area
表 1 水样分析数据统计表（mg/L）
Table 1 The statistical table of water sample analysis data (mg/L)
采样地点 地表水Ⅱ类
水质标准1070
平硐1006
主井1006
斜井2#尾矿
库渗水1#尾矿
库渗水乌云沟-5
渣堆渗水乌云沟-6
渣堆渗水pH 6～9 4.17 3.02 2.96 5.4 6.42 3.32 7.12 锌 1 1.54 0.61 2.92 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.11 0.05 L 铜 1 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 锰 0.1 5.33 1.98 7.4 5.36 1.84 0.66 0.34 铁 0.3 0.91 27.8 48 19.7 0.96 1.18 0.72 镉 0.005 0.0025 0.0008 0.0021 0.0006 0.0008 0.0015 0.001 铬（六价） 0.05 0.004 L 0.005 0.004 0.004 L 0.004 L 0.004 L 0.004 L 砷 0.05 0.0003 0.0004 0.0003 L0.0003 L0.0003 L0.0003 L0.0003 L镍 0.02 0.21 0.09 0.28 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 采样
地点地表水Ⅱ类
水质标准乌云沟-4
渣堆西侧渗水乌云沟-4
渣堆东侧渗水乌云沟-4
渣堆下游地表水乌云沟-5
渣堆下游地表水鸳鸯池-8
渣堆渗水鸳鸯池-1
渣堆渗水pH 6-9 3.21 7.22 3.22 7.43 2.94 4.64 锌 1 0.19 0.05 L 0.29 0.05 L 1.67 0.05 L 铜 1 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 0.05 L 硒 0.01 0.0006 0.0008 0.0007 0.0008 0.0011 0.0006 铁 0.3 9.39 3.44 13.6 0.84 450 0.14 汞 0.00005 0.00011 0.00014 0.00008 0.00011 0.00013 0.0002 镉 0.005 0.0009 0.001 0.0007 0.0004 0.0036 0.0012 总铬 / 0.005 0.004 L 0.009 0.004 L 0.017 0.004 L 砷 0.05 0.0003 L0.0003 L0.0003 0.0003 L 0.0006 0.0005 镍 0.02 0.07 0.05 L 0.1 0.05 L 0.57 0.05 L 注：统计数据来源于2021年4月28日汉环集团陕西名鸿检测有限公司分析结果。L表示低于检出限。 
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表 2 地面塌陷统计表
Table 2 The table of subsidence statistics
编号 面积（m2） 深度（m） 形态特征 W-TX1 89.33 0.7 近圆形 W-TX2 79.63 1.3 近圆形 W-TX3 590.63 0.5 椭圆形，长轴呈北东东向 W-TX4 574.22 2.2 近圆形 W-TX5 716.53 2.5 不规则四边形 W-TX6 1201.81 0.6 椭圆形，长轴呈近南北向 W-TX7 667.76 2.5 近圆形 W-TX8 545.35 0.4 椭圆形，长轴呈近西北北向 W-TX9 365.62 2.1 近圆形 合计 4830.88
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