Fluid Inclusion Studies and the Genesis of the Kugadri Gold Deposit, Kazakhstan
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摘要:
库尕德里金矿床位于哈萨克斯坦楚伊犁–天山成矿省楚伊犁成矿带之楚河–肯得克塔斯金、铅、锌、铜、钼成矿亚带，大地构造位置属于中亚造山带之哈萨克斯坦–准噶尔板块的穆云库姆–克齐尔库姆–伊犁微板块之肯得克塔斯地块。库尕德里金矿床为该区重要的大型矿床之一，该矿床成矿流体的研究，对深化矿床成因认识、区域成矿规律研究和找矿勘查工作有重要的指导意义。笔者在研究区地质调查和矿床地质特征研究的基础上，开展成矿阶段含矿石英脉流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼分析。结果表明：库尕德里金矿流体包裹体有C、W、S等3种类型；C型包裹体完全均一温度为278～421 ℃，盐度为0～13.9 wt%NaCleqv；W型包裹体完全均一温度为119～378 ℃，盐度为1.1～22.9 wt%NaCleqv；S型包裹体完全均一温度为136～327 ℃，盐度为29.1～31.0 wt%NaCleqv。成矿压力和深度估算结果表明：成矿压力为95～200 MPa，成矿深度约为2～5 km，成矿温度为290～380 ℃。结合矿床地质特征认为，库尕德里金矿成矿流体具有富CO2、中低盐度的变质流体特征，矿床成因为造山型金矿。
Abstract:The Kugadri gold deposit is located in the Chuhe-Kendektas gold, lead, zinc, copper and molybdenum metallogenic subzone of the Chuhe-Kendektas gold, lead, zinc, copper and molybdenum metallogenic subzone of the Chuyili-Tianshan metallogenic province in Kazakhstan. The geotectonic location belongs to the Muyunkumu-Kezirkumu-Ili microplate of the Kazakhstan-Junggar plate in the Central Asian orogenic belt. The Kugadri gold deposit is one of the important large deposits in this area. The study of the ore-forming fluid of the deposit has important guiding significance for deepening the understanding of the genesis of the deposit, the study of the regional metallogenic regularity and the prospecting and exploration work. Based on the geological survey of the mining area and the study of the geological characteristics of the deposit, this paper carried out the petrography, microthermometry and laser Raman analysis of ore-bearing quartz vein fluid inclusions in the metallogenic stage. The results show that there are three types of fluid inclusions in Kugadri gold deposit: C, W and S; the complete homogenization temperature of C-type inclusions is 278～421 ℃, and the salinity is 0～13.9 wt% NaCleqv. The complete homogenization temperature of W-type inclusions is 119～378 ℃, and the salinity is 1.1～22.9 wt% NaCleqv. The complete homogenization temperature of S-type inclusions is 136～327 ℃, and the salinity is 29.1～31.0 wt% NaCleqv. The estimation of metallogenic pressure and depth shows that the metallogenic pressure is 95～200 MPa, the metallogenic depth is about 2～5 km, and the metallogenic temperature is 290～380 ℃. Combined with the geological characteristics of the deposit, it is considered that the ore-forming fluid of the Kugadri gold deposit has the characteristics of CO2-rich, medium-low salinity metamorphic fluid, and the genesis of the deposit is orogenic gold deposit.
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Keywords:
- fluid inclusion /
- Kugadri gold deposit /
- orogenic gold deposit /
- Kazakhstan
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图 1 哈萨克斯坦楚伊犁–北东天山地区地质及矿产简图（据肖文交，2019修改）
1.阿克巴卡依金矿床；2.巴鲁尔铅锌矿床；3.奇干纳克重晶石矿床；4.萨雷布拉克钨矿床；5.沙德库里铜矿床；6.库亚孜拜铅锌矿床；7.卡巴雷金（铜）矿床；8.蒂姆莱钒钛磁铁矿床；9.阿克达拉钒钛磁铁矿床；10.沙台尔科里钼矿床；11.坎得克塔斯铜矿床；12.库尕德里金矿床；13.热依桑铜矿床；14.齐纳含内赛铜锌矿床；15.尤别列佐姆钨钼矿床；16.包谷提钨矿床；17.图尤克多金属矿床；18.萨雷贾兹锡矿床；19.库姆托尔金矿床；20.达拉拜金矿床；21.阿尔哈尔雷金矿床；22.乌仁科布拉克金矿床；23.阿尔恰勒铅锌矿床；24.切特木斯铜银矿床；25.加曼台锰矿床；HZ12. 萨雷沙甘铜、钼成矿带；HZ22. 布鲁塔斯–热利套铅、锌、钨、锡成矿带；HZ3. 巴尔喀什–伊犁成矿区：HZ13. 伊犁铅、锌多金属成矿带；HZ5. 楚河–伊赛克成矿区：HZ15. 楚河–肯得克塔斯金、铅、锌、铜、钼成矿带；HZ25. 伊赛克钨、锡、铅、锌多金属成矿带；TL11. 哈尔克山金、锑成矿带；TL2. 塔里木北缘成矿区：TL12. 木扎尔特铜、铅、锌多金属成矿带
Figure 1. Geological and mineral map of Chuili-Northeast Tianshan area, Kazakhstan
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图 3 哈萨克斯坦库尕德里金矿床4号矿体（南部）A-A'剖面图
Figure 3. A-A ' profile of ore body 4 (south) of the Kugadri gold deposit, Kazakhsta
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图 4 哈萨克斯坦库尕德里金矿床矿石照片
a.断裂带中的硅化褐铁矿化石英闪长斑岩；b.硅化、钾化和褐铁矿化断裂破碎带；c.含孔雀石、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、褐铁矿含金蚀变岩型矿石；d.含孔雀石、黄铜矿、黄铁矿含金石英脉型矿石
Figure 4. Ore photos of the Kugadri gold deposit in Kazakhstan
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图 5 库尕德里金矿床岩相学及流体包裹体照片
a.Q1周围为细粒石英Q2，Q1中可见硫化物；b.Q1被Q2及后期的次生流体包裹体群穿插；c.Q2中的W型包裹体；d.和e.Q1中C、W型包裹体；f.Q2中共存的W、S型包裹体；VCO2. 气相CO2；LCO2. 液相CO2；VH2O. 气相H2O；LH2O. 液相H2O；Py. 黄铁矿；Hal. 石盐；Syl. 钾盐
Figure 5. Petrography and fluid inclusion photos of the Kugadri gold deposit
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图 6 库尕德里金矿床流体C型包裹体初熔温度直方图
Figure 6. Initial melting temperature histogram of fluid C-type inclusions in Kugadri gold deposit
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图 7 库尕德里金矿床流体包裹体温度和盐度直方图
a. Q1-早阶段流体包裹体；b. Q2-晚阶段流体包裹体
Figure 7. Temperature and salinity histogram of fluid inclusions in Kugadri gold deposit
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图 9 库尕德里金矿床C型包裹体均一温度和均一压力关系图
Figure 9. Relation diagram of homogenization temperature and pressure of C-type inclusions in Kugadri gold deposit
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图 10 库尕德里金矿床流体包裹体拉曼图
Figure 10. Raman diagram of fluid inclusions in Kugadri gold deposit
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图 11 库尕德里金矿床流体包裹体温度和盐度关系图
Figure 11. Relation diagram of temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions in Kugadri deposit
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图 12 造山型金矿、斑岩Cu-Au矿和浅成热液金矿的流体成分（底图据Ridley et al.，2000）
Figure 12. Ore forming fluid compositions of orogenic, porp-hyry and epithermal gold deposits
表 1 库尕德里金矿床显微测温结果及相关参数
Table 1 Microthermometry results and related parameters of the Kugadri gold deposit
阶段 类型 数量 大小（μm） v/tot.
（%）φ（CO2）（%） Tm（cla）
（℃）Tm（ice）
（℃）盐度（wt%） Th（CO2）
（℃）Th
（℃）ρCO2
（g/cm3）ρTot.
（g/cm3）φ（CO2）气（%） Q1 Cl 79 6～20 10～50 −59.7～−56.6 1.4～9.4 1.2～13.9 21.2～30.9 278～418 0.32～0.75 0.71～0.97 5～80 Cv 41 8～12 50～80 −59.3～−56.6 1.9～10 0～13.4 24.6～30.9 284～421 0.28～0.67 0.53～0.86 10～80 W 14 6～12 10～45 −52.1～−39.2 −11.1～−0.6 1.1～15.1 298～378 0.64～0.87 Q2 W 45 5～20 5～50 −32.2～−25.6 −20.8～−0.9 1.6～22.9 119～294 0.78～1.09 S 12 6～14 5～25 29.1～31.2 136～327 1.00～1.27 注：v/Tot.为气相充填度；φ（CO2）为CO2相占包裹体总体积的百分数；φ（CO2）气为气相CO2占CO2相总体积的百分数；Tm（cla）为笼合物熔化温度；Th（CO2）为CO2部分均一温度；Tm（ice）为冰点温度；Th为完全均一温度。 
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表 2 库尕德里金矿床与典型造山型金矿床特征对比表
Table 2 Comparison table of the characteristics of the Kugadri gold deposit and the typical orogenic gold deposit
地质特征 典型造山型金矿（Groves et al.，1998） 库尕德里金矿床 大地构造背景 挤压和转换挤压背景 中亚造山带之哈萨克斯坦–准噶尔板块的穆云库姆–克齐尔库姆–伊犁微板块之肯得克塔斯地块 控矿构造 矿体严格受构造控制，多位于大型挤压构造的二级或三级构造内 研究区断裂构造发育，主要为NW向和NE向，其次为NEE向；矿体产于接触带近岩体一侧 矿石类型 以石英脉为主，含有≤3%～5%的硫化物和≤5%～15%的碳酸盐矿物 以石英闪长斑岩内的石英脉为主，硫化物含量≤3% 围岩蚀变 碳酸盐化、硫化物化和绿泥石化、绢云母化等 硅化、绢云母化和钾长石化 成矿流体 以CO2-H2O-NaCl土CH4组合为特征，富含CO2 CO2-H2O-NaCl，富含CO2 成矿温度 200～700 ℃ 290～380 ℃ 成矿流体盐度 3～10 wt%NaCleqv 0.0～15.1 wt%NaCleqv
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