Study on the Starting Characteristics of Mine Debris Flow Based on Flume Test: Take the Kangshan Gold Mining Area in Luanchuan County as an example
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摘要:
矿渣型泥石流是一种以大规模的开采矿产资源产生的废石弃渣为主要物源演化形成的一种典型的人为泥石流，具有频发性、人为性、污染性、可控性等特点。为进一步探索底床坡度、冲水流量和颗粒级配等因子对泥石流启动过程的影响和控制作用及各因子间的关系，基于相似性原理，采用比尺结构，以河南省栾川县康山金矿区采矿产生的废石渣堆为主要物源进行水槽试验。通过传感器记录矿渣型泥石流形成过程中的孔隙水压力和含水率的变化情况，并用高清摄像机观测矿渣启动形成泥石流的现象。试验结果表明：①矿渣型泥石流主要以顶面侵蚀型、流态化型、顶面侵蚀+流态化型3种方式启动。②泥石流启动临界孔隙水压力与底床坡度呈负相关关系、与细颗粒含量变化关系不明显。③级配、坡度一定时，随着冲水流量不断增大，泥石流启动临界水量呈现先减小、后增大、再减小趋势，并存在一个最有利于矿渣启动的冲水流量。④冲水流量、级配一定，坡度越大，矿渣越容易启动。⑤坡度、冲水流量一定，细颗粒含量为30.36% 矿渣最容易启动。研究结果进一步丰富了对矿渣型泥石流启动机理的认识，可为矿渣型泥石流预警、防治和矿山生态修复提供参考。
Abstract:Mine debris flow is a typical anthropogenic debris flow formed by the evolution of waste rock and slag generated by large-scale mining of mineral resources, which has the characteristics of frequency, human nature, pollution, controllability, and so on. In order to further explore the influence and control of factors such as bottom bed slope, flushing flow and particle gradation on the start-up process of debris flow and the relationship between the factors, based on the principle of similarity, the scale structure is used to carry out flume Test with the waste rock slag pile produced by mining in Kangshan gold mining area in Luanchuan County, Henan Province. The changes of pore water pressure and water content during the formation of mine debris flow were recorded by sensors, and the phenomenon of slag initiation forming debris flow was observed with high-definition cameras. The test shows that the mine debris flow is mainly started in three ways: top erosion type, fluidization type, and top erosion fluidization type; the critical pore water pressure of the debris flow is negatively correlated with the slope of the bottom bed, and the relationship with the change of fine particle content is not obvious; when the gradation and slope are constant, as the flushing flow continues to increase, the critical water volume of the debris flow at the start of the debris flow shows, and there is a flushing flow rate that is most conducive to slag starting; The flushing flow rate and gradation are certain. The larger the slope, the easier it is for slag to start. The slope and flushing flow are certain, and the fine particle content is 30.36%. Slag is the easiest to start. The research results further enrich the mechanism research of mine debris flow initiation, and can provide reference for early warning, prevention and ecological restoration of mine debris flow.
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Keywords:
- mine debris flow /
- starting characteristics /
- flume test /
- Kangshan gold mining area
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图 1 研究区2015～2022年5～10月平均降雨量情况
Figure 1. The monthly average rainfall in the study area from May to October 2015 to 2022
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图 3 典型矿渣堆积体形态参数（a）及断面剖面图（b）
Figure 3. (a) Morphological parameters and (b)cross-sectional view of typical slag deposits
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图 5 大南沟沟口渣堆形态参数（a）及断面剖面图（b）
Figure 5. (a) Morphological parameters and (b) cross-sectional view of the slag pile at the outfall of Danangou
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图 6 泥石流启动水槽试验装置、物料铺设及传感器布置图
Figure 6. Layout of water tank material laying and sensor for physical simulation test of debris flow startup
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图 7 泥石流启动物理模拟试验水槽参数
Figure 7. Parameters of the water tank for the physical simulation test of debris flow startup
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图 12 D24组次试验体积含水率和孔隙水压力变化过程
Figure 12. Variation process of volumetric water content and pore water pressure in D24 sub-test
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图 13 D07组次试验体积含水率和孔隙水压力变化过程
Figure 13. Variation process of volumetric water content and pore water pressure in D07 sub-test
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图 14 D19组次试验体积含水率和孔隙水压力变化过程
Figure 14. Variation process of volumetric water content and pore water pressure in D19 sub-test
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图 15 泥石流启动临界孔压与坡度变化关系图
Figure 15. The relationship between the critical pore pressure and slope change at the start of debris flow
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图 16 泥石流启动临界孔压与细颗粒含量变化关系图
Figure 16. The relationship between the critical pore pressure and the content of fine particles at the start of debris flow
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图 17 冲水流量与临界水量的关系
Figure 17. Relationship between flushing water flow and critical water volume
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图 18 底床坡度与临界水量的关系
Figure 18. The relationship between the slope of the bed and the critical water volume
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图 19 细颗粒含量与临界水量的关系
Figure 19. Relationship between fine particle content and critical water amount
表 1 康山金矿区泥石流物源所在沟谷基本情况表
Table 1 The basic situation of the valley where the source of debris flow is located in the Kangshan gold mining area
沟谷 流域面积（km2） 最高点高程（m） 最低点高程（m） 沟谷长度（m） 相对高差（m） 纵坡降比（‰） 后木寺 1.08 1580 1235 1434 345 240.59 大南沟 0.72 1589 1235 1410 354 251.06 小北沟 0.50 1576 1203 1338 373 278.77 韭菜沟 0.43 1610 1172 1423 438 307.80 排土场 0.19 1494 1176 843 318 377.22 星星印 1.71 1614 1079 2221 535 240.88 杏树芽 0.84 1411 1052 1424 359 252.11 
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表 2 泥石流启动水槽试验装置相似比
Table 2 Similar ratio of physical simulation test devices for debris flow startup
物理量 宽度 容重 应力 内聚力 泊松比 内摩擦角 雨强 流量 计算式 $ {C}_{l} $ $ {C}_{r} $ $ {C}_{\sigma }={C}_{l} \cdot {C}_{r} $ $ {C}_{c}={C}_{r} $ $ {C}_{\mu } $ $ {C}_{\varPhi } $ $ {S}_{p}={{C}_{l}}^{\frac{1}{2}} $ $ Q={{C}_{l}}^{\frac{5}{2}} $ 相似比 100 1 100 1 1 1 10 105
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表 3 泥石流启动物理模拟试验所用传感器参数
Table 3 Parameters of sensors used in physical simulation test of debris flow startup
传感器类型 型号 规格 精度 输出信号 体积含水率 YTDY0102 0～100% 0.1%F.S RS485数字信号 孔隙水压力 YTYL0101 100 Kpa 0.1%F.S RS485数字信号
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表 4 泥石流启动物理模拟试验条件参数
Table 4 Debris flow startup physical simulation test parameters
试验水槽条件 试验参数设计 长度尺寸（cm） 断面尺寸（cm） 物料堆放（cm） 水槽坡度（°） 颗粒级配（细颗粒含量，%） 400 50×40 70×50×10 5，8，10，15，20 7，15，20，25，30，35，40
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表 5 泥石流启动物理模拟试验结果汇总
Table 5 Summary of physical simulation test results of debris flow initiation
试验
组次冲水流
量（L/s）底床坡
度（°）细颗粒
含量（%）启动方式 D01 0.82 10 7 顶面侵蚀+流态化 D02 0.88 10 7 顶面侵蚀+流态化 D03 1.19 10 7 顶面侵蚀+流态化 D04 1.24 10 7 顶面侵蚀+流态化 D05 1.40 10 7 顶面侵蚀+流态化 D06 1.45 10 7 流态化 D07 1.48 10 7 流态化 D08 1.99 10 7 顶面侵蚀 D09 2.07 10 7 顶面侵蚀 D10 2.32 10 7 顶面侵蚀 D11 2.43 10 7 顶面侵蚀 D12 2.97 10 7 顶面侵蚀 D13 3.10 10 7 顶面侵蚀 D14 3.52 10 7 顶面侵蚀 D15 5.95 10 7 顶面侵蚀 D16 1.48 5 7 顶面侵蚀 D17 1.48 8 7 顶面侵蚀 D18 1.48 15 7 流态化 D19 1.48 20 7 顶面侵蚀+流态化 D20 1.48 10 15 流态化 D21 1.48 10 20 顶面侵蚀 D22 1.48 10 25 顶面侵蚀 D23 1.48 10 30 顶面侵蚀 D24 1.48 10 35 顶面侵蚀 D25 1.48 10 40 顶面侵蚀
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表 6 不同冲水流量条件下泥石流启动临界水量
Table 6 Critical water volume for debris flow initiation under different flushing flow conditions
试验
组次物源状态 细颗粒
含量（%）底床坡
度（°）冲水流
量（L/s）临界水
量（L）D01 散粒干渣 7 10 0.82 42.94 D02 散粒干渣 7 10 0.88 39.56 D03 散粒干渣 7 10 1.19 34.31 D04 散粒干渣 7 10 1.24 33.21 D05 散粒干渣 7 10 1.40 30.22 D06 散粒干渣 7 10 1.45 28.51 D07 散粒干渣 7 10 1.48 26.46 D08 散粒干渣 7 10 1.99 28.71 D09 散粒干渣 7 10 2.07 29.71 D10 散粒干渣 7 10 2.32 31.35 D11 散粒干渣 7 10 2.43 31.64 D12 散粒干渣 7 10 2.97 33.22 D13 散粒干渣 7 10 3.10 28.54 D14 散粒干渣 7 10 3.52 27.58 D15 散粒干渣 7 10 5.95 17.85
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表 7 不同底床坡度条件下泥石流启动临界水量
Table 7 Critical water volume for debris flow initiation under different bed slope conditions
试验
组次物源状态 细颗粒含
量（%）底床坡
度（°）冲水流
量（L/s）临界水
量（L）D16 散粒干渣 7 5 1.48 71.23 D17 散粒干渣 7 8 1.48 53.44 D07 散粒干渣 7 10 1.48 26.46 D18 散粒干渣 7 15 1.48 19.27 D19 散粒干渣 7 20 1.48 15.01
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表 8 不同颗粒级配条件下泥石流启动临界水量
Table 8 Critical water volume for debris flow initiation under different particle gradation conditions
试验
组次物源状态 底床坡
度（°）细颗粒
含量（%）冲水流
量（L/s）临界水
量（L）D07 散粒干渣 10 7 1.48 26.40 D20 散粒干渣 10 15 1.48 18.84 D21 散粒干渣 10 20 1.48 17.36 D22 散粒干渣 10 25 1.48 15.20 D23 散粒干渣 10 30 1.48 14.93 D24 散粒干渣 10 35 1.48 16.00 D25 散粒干渣 10 40 1.48 16.21
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