Study on Deep Compaction and Formation of Overpressure in Baiyun Depression
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摘要:
珠江口盆地白云凹陷含有丰富的油气资源，勘探潜力巨大。深层目的层发育强烈的超压，文中对白云凹陷深层的超压成因及压实作用进行研究；利用三维地震资料和地球物理测井资料对白云凹陷深层的超压详细了解，利用综合压实曲线方法和盆地模拟技术对钻、测井资料进行处理，分析深层的异常压力成因。以分区块、分层位的原则总结压力分布规律和异常高压产生的原因，并利用流体势的评价手段对白云凹陷深层油气的运聚进行预测，为白云凹陷下一步的勘探部署提供依据。研究认为：白云凹陷发育超压的区块主要有主洼中心、主洼东、主洼西南、北坡（以超压发育规模排序）；深层超压发育在珠海组及以下地层，不同层位超压成因的贡献亦不相同。其中，恩平组超压成因主要为压实作用增压和生烃增压、而珠海组异常压力主要来源则是压实作用增压与传递型超压。不同区块的欠压实作用不同。此外，受地热等因素影响，各区块发育的化学压实作用不同。由于主洼发育较强的超压，气势较大，东洼和西洼等小洼陷在晚期也形成了气势高值区；主洼−北坡、主洼−西南部和主洼东由于地势较高而形成了明显的气势低值区。恩平组气势梯度较大的区域逐渐向斜坡带和低隆起上扩张，有利于油气晚期向北坡和主洼东部等地区运移。
Abstract:Baiyun sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin is rich in oil and gas resources and has great exploration potential. The development of strong overpressure in the deep target layer is studied in this article, focusing on the causes and compaction effects of overpressure in the deep Baiyun depression; Using 3D seismic data and geophysical logging data to gain a detailed understanding of the deep overpressure in Baiyun depression, using comprehensive compaction curve method and basin simulation technology to process drilling and logging data, and analyzing the causes of abnormal pressure in the deep layers. Summarize the pressure distribution pattern and the causes of abnormal high pressure based on the principles of zoning and layering, and use fluid potential evaluation methods to predict the migration and accumulation of deep oil and gas in Baiyun Depression, providing a basis for the next exploration deployment in Baiyun Depression. Research suggests that the areas where overpressure develops in the Baiyun Depression mainly include the center of the main depression, the east of the main depression, the southwest of the main depression, and the north slope (sorted by the scale of overpressure development); Deep overpressure develops in the Zhuhai Formation and below; The contribution of overpressure causes in different layers is also different; Among them, the main causes of overpressure in the Enping Formation are compaction pressurization and hydrocarbon generation pressurization, while the main sources of abnormal pressure in the Zhuhai Formation are compaction pressurization and transfer type overpressure. The undercompaction effect varies among different blocks. In addition, influenced by factors such as geothermal energy, the chemical compaction processes developed in each block are different. Due to the strong development of overpressure in the main depression. Therefore, the momentum is relatively high, and small depressions such as Dongwa and Xiwa also formed high-value areas of momentum in the late stage; The main depression to the north slope, the main depression to the southwest, and the main depression to the east have formed obvious low value areas due to their high terrain. The areas with larger gas gradients in the Enping Formation gradually expand towards the slope zone and low uplift, which is conducive to the migration of oil and gas towards the northern slope and the eastern part of the main depression in the later stage.
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图 1 白云凹陷及周边构造区划图
Figure 1. Zoning map of Baiyun depression and its surrounding structures
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图 3 白云凹陷中央泥岩底辟带地震剖面
Figure 3. Seismic profile of the central mudstone diapir zone in Baiyun depression
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图 4 单井实测地层压力及压力系数图
a.白云北坡；b.番禺低隆起；c.白云主洼；d.主洼东；e.云荔低隆起
Figure 4. Single well measured formation pressure and pressure coefficient diagram
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图 6 BY5井测井交汇图识别泥岩化学压实作用图
a. 密度-声波时差交会图；b.密度-电阻率交会图
Figure 6. Identification of chemical compaction of mudstones by the crossplot of well BY5 logging
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图 7 PY33井黏土矿物转化指示的泥岩化学压实作用图
Figure 7. Depth range of mudstone chemical compaction indicated by clay mineral transformation in well PY33
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图 8 PY33井样品扫描电镜图像
a.伊利石贴附在颗粒表面；b.绿泥石、伊利石贴附在颗粒表面
Figure 8. SEM image of py33 well sample
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图 11 白云主洼恩平组下段剩余压力演化曲线图
Figure 11. Evolution curve of residual pressure in the lower section of the Enping formation in Baiyun main depression
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图 12 泥岩压实作用的分段模型（据Fan et al.，2021）
Figure 12. Segmented model diagram of mudstone compaction
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图 13 BY5井传递型超压的识别图
Figure 13. Identification diagram of transmission type overpressure in well BY5
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图 14 白云凹陷天然气密度和地层压力的关系散点图
Figure 14. Scatter plot of the relationship between natural gas density and formation pressure in Baiyun Depression
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