Rural Land Space Planning Based on the Rigid Constraints of Water Resources-Taking Gaoxigou village in Mizhi County as an Example
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摘要:
水资源是基础性和战略性的自然资源,也是国土空间管控的基本要素,与国土空间规划之间存在着相互制约、协调互动的复杂关系。笔者以陕北黄土高原生态治理示范村—米脂县高西沟村为例,开展水资源承载力评价以及基于水资源刚性约束条件下的国土空间优化研究。结果表明:①现状高西沟村主要依赖地下水资源,且极其匮乏,水资源利用程度较高,进一步开发难度大、开采潜力小,已达到过载状态,地下水水质评级为差或极差,主要超标因子为:Cr6+、SO42−和TDS,需经过处理方能作为生活用水。②考虑灌溉模式、节水灌溉率、集雨技术、灌溉比例、研学规模、多水源联合运用等方面,构建四种水资源利用情景集进行预测,水资源承载能力仍处于过载或者超载状况。③高西沟村国土空间规划应当严控水资源约束条件,严守生态红线,提倡旱作农业节水技术,提升农田灌溉体系,控制发展研发旅游等第三产业规模,加强水资源联合调度,构建完善的供排水设施。本次基于水资源刚性约束条件下的乡村国土空间发展规划优化成果,为高西沟村国土空间优化及其其他类似地区的国土空间规划提供科学依据。
Abstract:Water resources are the basic and strategic natural resources, and also the key element of land space management and control. There is a complex relationship between water resources and land space planning. This paper takes Gaoxigou as an example, a demonstration village of the ecological management in Mizhi County, in Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi, and carries out the researches of the evaluation for water resources carrying capacity, the optimization of land space based on the rigid constraints of water resources. The results show that: ①in the current situation, Gaoxigou village mainly depends on groundwater resources, which is extremely scarce. The utilization rate of water resources is high. It is very difficult for the further development. So the exploitation potential is small, and it has reached an overload state. The groundwater quality rate is the level of poor or very poor. The main exceeding factors are: Cr6+, SO42- and TDS, which needs to be treated before they can be used as domestic water.②Considering the irrigation mode, the rate of the water-saving irrigation, rainwater harvesting technology, irrigation ratio, the scale of the research activity, combined use of multiple water sources, etc., the four water resources utilization scenario sets are constructed for the prediction of water resources carrying capacity. The simulation result shows that it is overloaded. ③Land space planning of Gaoxigou village should be strictly controlled under the constraints of water resources and ecological red line, and advocate the water-saving technology of dry land farming, and improve the irrigation system, and control the scale of tertiary industry such as research tourism, and strengthen the joint regulation of water resources, then build perfect water supply and drainage facilities. The optimization results of rural land space planning based on the rigid constraints of water resources provide a scientific basis for Gaoxigou village and other similar areas.
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表 1 高西沟村井泉情况一览表
Table 1 The list of wells and springs in Gaoxigou village
编号 位置 类型 含水层时代 井深
(m)水位埋深
(m)利用情况 GX1 姜新庄大银山沟养殖场 钻孔 Qhpl+T3y 240 170 供2户村民、兼零星灌溉。 GX2 高西沟高锦仁家路旁 大口井 Qhal 10.12 8.03 供9户村民、养殖场300头羊饮用,兼零星灌溉。 GX3 高西沟二郎沟 大口井 Qhal 6.94 5.74 供附近9户村民饮用,兼零星灌溉。 GX4 高西沟水库库尾北岸 下降泉 T3y 以扩泉的方式利用,潜水泵抽水,
供附近6户村民饮用。GX5 聂沟沟口水库北岸 下降泉 T3y 以扩泉的方式利用,潜水泵抽水,
供附近8户村民饮用。GX6 白草峁沟口水库北岸 下降泉 T3y 以扩泉的方式利用,潜水泵抽水,
供附近10户村民饮用。GX7 高西沟水库大坝 地表水 绿化景观用水 表 2 大气降水入渗补给量计算表
Table 2 Calculation of atmospheric precipitation infiltration recharge
地貌单元 面积F(km2) 不同保证率降水量 保证率 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 多年平均 降水量(mm) 513.0 405.8 363.8 296.4 276.5 443.40 入渗系数αi 不同保证率降水量下的补给量Q(104 m3/a) 黄土梁峁区 3.84 0.05 9.85 7.79 6.98 5.69 5.31 8.51 河谷区 0.23 0.2 2.36 1.87 1.67 1.36 1.27 2.04 合计 4.07 12.21 9.66 8.66 7.05 6.58 10.55 表 3 高西沟村人畜用水开采量
Table 3 The exploitation amount of human and livestock water in Gaoxigou village
分类 数量 日用水定额(L/人·d) 日用水量(m3/d) 年用水量(104 m3/a) 人口 124(常住) 65 8.06 0.29 600(在籍) 65 39.00 1.42 牲畜 400 10 4.00 0.15 注:人畜用水及农业灌溉定额来源《行业用水定额(陕西省地方标准DB61/T 943-2014)》 表 4 高西沟村农业灌溉开采量表
Table 4 The agricultual irrigation exploitation amount in Gaoxigou village
土地类型 km2 农作物 水文年 灌溉定额
(m3/ m2·a)现状年用水量
(104 m3/a)预计最大
年用水量
(104 m3/a)备注 耕地 0.66 玉米(充分灌溉/
非充分灌溉)湿润年 0.13/0.09 8.91/5.94 中等年 0.19/0.13 12.86/8.91 干旱年 0.28/0.19 18.80/12.86 园地(含菜地、
果林)0.025 蔬菜(按常住户数计算
菜地、瓜地面积数)湿润年 0.34 0.85 每户按333.33 m2计算 中等年 0.49 1.22 干旱年 0.63 1.55 0.065 蔬菜(按全村户数计算
菜地、瓜地面积数)湿润年 0.34 2.24 每户按333.33 m2计算 中等年 0.49 3.22 干旱年 0.63 4.10 1 苹果(微灌) 湿润年 0.07 6.73 中等年 0.13 13.47 干旱年 0.18 17.96 表 5 高西沟村地下水沿河流纵向径流排泄量统计表
Table 5 The Statistics table of longitudinal runoff discharge of groundwater along the river in Gaoxigou village
断面位置 B(m) H(m) I K(m/d) Q(m3/d) Q(104 m3/a) 高西沟地下水断面 6288.72 2 0.005 3.338 209.92 7.66 表 6 高西沟村地下水现状排泄量统计表
Table 6 Statistics of groundwater discharge in Gaoxigou village
排泄项目 排泄量(104 m3/a) 比例 人工开采排泄量 0.44 4.72% 农业生产开采量(中等年) 1.22 13.09% 地下水径流排泄出境 7.66 82.19% 合计 9.32 100.00% 表 7 高西沟村水质分析测试结果表
Table 7 Water quality analysis and test results of Gaoxigou village
单位:mg/L 编号 K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− SO42- HCO3− NO3− F− TDS As Cr6+ GX1 0.76 182 50.8 62.0 66.5 351.0↑ 383 12.4 0.56 952 0.0012 ↑0.009 GX2 0.79 185 52.9 66.7 67.3 200.0 579 55.4↑ 0.42 970 0.0011 ↑0.032 GX3 4.50 208 67.0 88.8 139.0 455.0↑ 401 21.0 0.43 1260 ↑<0.001 0.089↑ GX4 1.2 217 60.3 78.1 147.0 322.0↑ 444.0 65.2↑ 0.8 1170 ↑<0.001 0.053↑ GX5 0.9 197 34.3 49.2 90.6 264.0↑ 371.0 36.6 1.1↑ 890 <0.001 0.055↑ GX6 0.5 164 15.1 18.6 30.6 114.0 377.0 12.6 1.5↑ 582 <0.001 0.037 GX7 3.7 227 31.1 80.7 159.0 357.0↑ 381.0 2.0 0.8↑ 1100 ↑<0.001 0.004↑ 注:“↑”表示该项指标超过地下水质量标准(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅲ级限值 表 8 承载指数与等级划分
Table 8 The bearing index and classification
类型 承载状况 WCCI 超载率(Rp) 盈余率(Rw) 盈余 富富有余 0<0.30 / Rw≥65% 富裕 0.30≤WCCI<0.50 / 50%≤Rw<65% 盈余 0.50≤WCCI<0.68 / 35%≤Rw<50% 平衡 平衡有余 0.68≤WCCI<1.00 / 0%≤Rw<35% 临界超载 1.00≤WCCI<1.35 0%≤Rp<35% / 超载 超载 1.35≤WCCI<2.0 35%≤Rp<100% / 过载 2.0≤WCCI<5.0 100%≤Rp<400% / 严重超载 WCCI≥5.00 Rp≥400% / 表 9 各评价指标计算值
Table 9 The calculated values of each evaluation index
偏离系数(Ie) 偏离系数(Ip) 负载指数(C) 承载指数(WCCI) 超载率(Rp) 0.05 12 7.95 36 3500 表 10 水资源承载能力潜力多情景预测
Table 10 Multi scenario prediction of water resources carrying capacity potential
情景集 节水灌溉 多水源联合运用
或调水措施集雨技术 灌溉比例
(%)研学规模(人/d) 承载状况 现状 较少 无 个别农户 3.4 过载 I 5% 无 30% 10 200 过载 Ⅱ 10% 无 50% 20 500 超载 Ⅲ 30% 联合运用 80% 30 500 临界超载 -
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