Abstract: As the most common pollutant in global water resources, the identification of the main controlling factors and sources of NO₃⁻ is crucial to the control of NO₃⁻ pollution. Based on methods such as human health risk model, random forest model, isotope and MixSIAR model, this study analyzed the distribution characteristics and potential risks of shallow groundwater NO₃⁻ in Huazhou District, and revealed the main controlling factors and main sources of shallow groundwater NO₃⁻. The results show that the shallow groundwater NO₃⁻ concentration in Huazhou District is high in the west and low in the east, especially in the southwest. The NO₃⁻ concentration is as high as 271 mg/L. The main factors controlling NO₃⁻ concentration being EC＞ORP＞Ca²⁺＞Mg²⁺＞T＞TDS＞HCO₃⁻. The main sources of NO₃⁻ are soil nitrogen and manure & sewage. The manure & sewage contributes the most to the NO₃⁻ content (63.8%), followed by soil nitrogen (19%) and chemical fertilizer (12.7%). Long-term drinking of shallow groundwater with high NO₃⁻ concentration in the study area has potential risks to human health, especially for children, whose HHRA assessment risk is as high as 7.904.