ISSN 1009-6248CN 61-1149/P 双月刊

主管单位:中国地质调查局

主办单位:中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心
中国地质学会

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    西藏则当铅锌矿床成矿流体演化特征与指示意义

    Ore-Forming Fluid Evolution and Its Implications for the Zedang Pb-Zn Deposit, Xizang

    • 摘要: 则当铅锌矿床是北喜马拉雅成矿带上的一个典型铅锌矿床,其成矿流体特征以及矿石沉淀机制尚不清楚。在手标本和镜下观察的基础上,对热液成矿期第Ⅰ阶段和第Ⅱ阶段的石英及第Ⅲ阶段的方解石中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼成分分析,试图探究成矿流体特征和来源,反演成矿流体演化过程。研究表明:第Ⅰ阶段成矿流体为中高温(200~325 ℃,均值为 269 ℃)、中低盐度(5~20 % NaCleqv,均值为 11 % NaCleqv)的 H2O-CO2-NaCl 体系,其密度为 0.63~0.99 g/cm3,对应的成矿压力与深度分别为 7.5~40.2 MPa 与 1.0~2.6 km;第Ⅱ阶段成矿流体为中高温(225~365 ℃,均值为 307 ℃)、中低盐度(10~23 % NaCleqv,均值为 15 % NaCleqv)的 H2O-NaCl 体系,其密度为 0.64~0.98 g/cm3,对应的成矿压力与深度分别为 12.3~51.5 MPa 与 1.3~3.4 km;第Ⅲ阶段成矿流体为低温(100~200 ℃,均值为 159 ℃)、中低盐度(2~17 % NaCleqv,均值为 9 % NaCleqv)的 H2O-NaCl 体系,其密度为 0.92~1.06 g/cm3,对应的成矿压力与深度分别为 7.0~23.3 MPa 与 0.5~1.3 km。综合上述流体包裹体成分、性质和温压条件的变化特征,认为则当铅锌矿床成矿流体早期发生了沸腾,而在晚期则发生了流体混合,流体沸腾和流体混合共同导致了矿物的沉淀;早期成矿流体可能来源于变质水和海水,后期则转换为与大气水的混合;矿床总体上归属为中低温浅成热液矿床;则当铅锌矿床成矿机制与扎西康多金属矿床相似,推测可能有似热水喷流沉积的特征。上述成果为建立则当铅锌矿成矿模式、总结北喜马拉雅成矿带铅锌多金属成矿规律和区域找矿预测提供了理论依据。

       

      Abstract: The Zedang Pb-Zn deposit is a typical Pb-Zn deposit in the North Himalayan metallogenic belt. The characteristics of its ore-forming fluids and the mechanism of ore mineral precipitation remain unclear. Based on hand specimen and microscopic observations, this study performed petrographic, microthermometric and Laser Raman compositional analyses on fluid inclusions in quartz from stage Ⅰ and stage Ⅱ hydrothermal mineralization and calcite from stage Ⅲ, aiming to investigate the characteristics and sources of ore-forming fluids and reconstruct the evolutionary process of ore-forming fluids. The results show that the ore-forming fluid in stage Ⅰ is a medium- to high-temperature (200–325 ℃, average 269 ℃), medium- to low-salinity (5–20 % NaCleqv, average 11 % NaCleqv) H2O-CO2-NaCl system with a density of 0.63–0.99 g/cm3, corresponding to ore-forming pressure of 7.5–40.2 MPa and depth of 1.0–2.6 km. The ore-forming fluid in stage Ⅱ is a medium- to high-temperature (225–365 ℃, average 307 ℃), medium- to low-salinity (10–23 % NaCleqv, average 15 % NaCleqv) H2O-NaCl system with a density of 0.64–0.98 g/cm3, corresponding to ore-forming pressure of 12.3–51.5 MPa and depth of 1.3–3.4 km. The ore-forming fluid in stage Ⅲ is a low-temperature (100–200 ℃, average 159 ℃), medium- to low-salinity (2–17 % NaCleqv, average 9 % NaCleqv) H2O-NaCl system with a density of 0.92–1.06 g/cm3, corresponding to ore-forming pressure of 7.0–23.3 MPa and depth of 0.5–1.3 km. Based on the variations in composition, properties and P-T conditions of fluid inclusions, this study concludes that the early ore-forming fluids of the Zedang Pb-Zn deposit experienced boiling, while fluid mixing occurred in the late stage. Fluid boiling and fluid mixing collectively resulted in mineral precipitation. The early ore-forming fluids were likely derived from metamorphic water and seawater, and gradually mixed with meteoric water in the late stage. The deposit is generally classified as a medium- to low-temperature epithermal deposit. The metallogenic mechanism of the Zedang Pb-Zn deposit is similar to that of the Zhaxikang polymetallic deposit, and it is inferred to have characteristics of hydrothermal exhalative sedimentation. These results provide a theoretical basis for establishing the metallogenic model of the Zedang Pb-Zn deposit, summarizing the Pb-Zn polymetallic metallogenic regularity in the North Himalayan metallogenic belt and conducting regional prospecting prediction.

       

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