Abstract: Northwest China has a vast territory, complex geological conditions, abundant energy and bulk scarce minerals resources, shortage of water resources, fragile ecological environment, and relatively lagging social and economic development. The northwest region is a significant part of the water tower in China and even in Asia, an important barrier for national ecological security, the main production area and backup base for national strategic mineral resources, the core area of the "Belt and Road" construction, and a key area for consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation and maintaining border stability and national unity. On the basis of summarizing the general situation of geology and resources, physical geography and environment, and social and economic development in Northwest China, this paper explores and puts forward the internal relationship and mutual feedback between geology-resources-environment and social and economic development. On the basis of sorting out the needs for geological work of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on the planning outline for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin and the guiding opinions on promoting the development of the western region in the new era and forming a new pattern, 10 aspects of the work arrangement and 3 aspects of the suggestions for collaborative innovation are put forward on northwest non-profit geological survey in the new era.