Abstract: Eco-geology is a discipline that studies and evaluates the influence and effect of changes in the geological environment on the ecological balance, and the law of correlation between the geological environment and the ecological environment. Mainly to investigate the upper lithosphere, the research object involves pedosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere on the earth's surface, and it is a new borderline subjects intersecting with basic geology, environmental geology, ecology and remote sensing geology. With the intensification of regional and global resource and environmental problems, ecological geology has gradually become a new field of modern geology. This paper introduces the development history, present situation and main characteristics of ecological geological survey, also introduces the development history, present situation and main characteristics of ecological geological survey in Northwest China and its role in promoting national ecological geological survey, and introduces the latest progress of ecological geological survey in Northwest China supporting national major strategy and national ecological security strategy. This paper analyzes the existing ecological and environmental problems in the Ecological Security Barrier Area of Northwest China, puts forward the related suggestions for the 14th Five Year Plan period, so as to provide scientific reference for the construction of ecological barrier system in Northwest China.