Abstract: In recent years, with the economic reform and industrial development, more and more pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into the lake, and the resulting environmental problems are becoming increasingly prominent. In this paper, taking the Poyang Lake basin as the research area, we collected sediment samples from various tributaries of the Poyang Lake water system during the dry season(December January), and found out the content, distribution, form and composition of heavy metals in the sediments of various tributaries of the Poyang Lake water system, This paper analyzes the influencing factors of migration and transformation of heavy metals in Poyang Lake water system, and evaluates the heavy metal pollution by using the geological cumulative index method and the potential ecological hazard index method. The results show that the pollution degree of heavy metals in river sediments of Poyang Lake basin is Cd＞Cu＞As＞Zn＞Pb, and the order of hazard of heavy metals to ecological risk of Poyang Lake is Cd＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn.