Despositional Provenance Analysis of the Jinjiahe Phyllite from Sanchazhi Area (Lueyang County) in Mianlue Tectonic Belt of South Qinling, Shaanxi: Evidence from Detrital Zircon U-Pb Dating
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摘要: 南秦岭勉略构造带略阳三岔子地区发育一套灰-灰黑色含碳绢云石英千枚岩和灰白色绢云石英千枚岩夹灰黑色含砾绢云千枚岩、白云质灰岩、硅质岩以及碳硅质板岩的岩石组合。为探讨其形成时代及沉积物源，笔者对其中的含砾绢云白云质石英千枚岩、绢云白云质石英千枚岩进行岩石学及LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究。所获得的碎屑锆石年龄可以分为3组：新元古代年龄组（678~966 Ma），该段有明显峰值，峰值年龄分别为781 Ma、865 Ma；中元古代年龄组（1 122~1 432 Ma）；古元古代-太古代年龄组（1 944~2 824 Ma）。2件变质碎屑岩的碎屑锆石最小年龄组分别为678~736 Ma（平均年龄为725 Ma）、771~775 Ma（平均年龄为773 Ma）。综合研究认为该沉积地层沉积时代不早于南华纪，其沉积物源主要为勉略构造带内、碧口微地块、扬子地块西北缘汉南-米仓山杂岩新元古代岩浆岩，其沉积事件对应于新元古带中晚期（800 Ma~）勉略构造带及扬子地块西北缘后碰撞-裂解阶段。
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关键词:
- 南秦岭 /
- 勉略构造带 /
- 碎屑锆石 /
- 关家沟组 /
- 锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年
Abstract: A set of rock assemblage is exposed in the Sanchazi area, Mianlue tectonic belt of Southern Qinling orogenic belt, which is consist of gray-black carbonaceous sericite-quartz-phyllite, gray-white sericite-quartz-phyllite, intercalated with gravelly sericite-phyllite, dolomitic limestone, siliceous rock and carbon-siliceous slate. In order to explore their formation age and provenance, we conducted LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating on detrital zircons from the gravelly sericite-dolomite-quartz-phyllite and sericite-dolomite-quartz-phyllite in Jinjiahe area. The obtained zircon U-Pb ages can be divided into three groups:Neoproterozoic age group (678~966Ma), with main age peak at 781Ma for sample ML1259-TW3 and 865Ma for sample ML1261-TW1, respectively; Mesoproterozoic age group (1122~1432Ma):and Palaeoproterozoic-Archaean age group (1944~2824Ma). The minimum age groups of detrital zircons for two metamorphic detrital rocks are 678~736Ma (average age of 725Ma) and 771~775Ma (average age of 773Ma), respectively. Combined with the regional geological records, we propose that the provenance of clastic debris in the sedimentary strata was mainly sourced from the Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks within the Mianlue tectonic belt, the Bikou block, and the Hannan-Micangshan complex in the northwestern margin of the Yangtze block. The maximum depositional age of the studied meta-sedimentary rocks is not later than Nanhua Period, and it may give insights into the post-collision-cracking stage of the Mianlue tectonic belt and the northwestern margin of the Yangtze block during the mid-late Neoproterozoic period (800Ma~). -
西部矿区作为中国煤炭开发的主战场，其地表水–土资源相对缺乏，生态环境脆弱（钱鸣高等，2018；武强等，2019；王双明等，2020，2023，2024；张会军，2021）。在大规模、高强度开发下岩层移动变形会造成地面开裂，导致土壤含水量降低，引起生态环境劣化，影响土地资源利用，危害土壤和粮食安全（973计划，2017；彭苏萍等，2020；赵平等，2021；徐友宁等，2022；杜臻等，2023）。同时，西部地区煤层上部低胶结强度的砂砾岩层中往往富含丰富的地下水，在开采条件下易于造成煤矿顶板涌突水和强地压危害（王双明等，2010；武强等，2014，2019；范立民等，2016；吕玉广等，2019；董书宁等，2020）。因此，在西部煤矿区的煤炭资源既是地质体的重要组成部分，也是开采开发活动的目标体。在煤炭开发获得资源的同时，会对由煤层、岩层、地下水、土壤层等构成的地质体产生扰动，引起地质条件和地表生态环境的损害（卞正富等，2020；王双明等，2020，2024；李全生，2023）。因此，破解煤炭资源开发和生态环境损害之间的矛盾，实现煤炭安全绿色开发是中国西部煤炭工业高质量发展的重大难题之一（孙强等，2023；王双明等，2024）。
当前，煤–水双资源开发（吴群英，2021）、煤–水协调共采（曹志国等，2021；王震宇等，2021，2024）、保水采煤（缪协兴等，2007；王双明，2010；徐智敏等，2019）、煤水共采（白海波等，2009）等开采观念和工程实践已经深入煤炭开发活动。但从科学认识和难点问题的解决来看，还有大量工作需要深入探讨。自2001年，美国国家研究理事会（NRC）提出地球关键带以来，系统地球科学研究理念已经深入地球科学领域，其中岩–水–土耦合作用是重要研究热点之一（杨建锋等，2014；朱永官等，2015；李小雁等，2016；骆占斌等，2022）。中国生态脆弱的西部矿区，煤炭开采会显著的改变煤（岩）–水–土的接触关系和相互作用强度。因此，有必要从地球关键带的角度出发，系统地理解煤炭开发对地质体的影响，建立煤–水–土多资源协调综合开发的全过程与全链条开发模式，形成考虑资源禀赋、地质条件、生态环境、人口数量、经济发展等一体化的资源能源开发策略。
笔者在煤炭绿色开发减损地质保障的理念指导下，充分认识西部煤矿区煤–水–土多资源属性，从地质体对煤炭开发全生命周期的响应和演化角度认识岩石圈、水圈、土壤圈、生物圈等多圈层的动态变化，阐述煤–水–土协调开发的必要性以及多圈层、多过程、多尺度、多目标的耦合关系，揭示煤–水–土协调开发的科学内涵和研究思路，进而服务煤炭安全绿色开发和生态环境可持续发展。地质条件对煤炭开发的制约，煤炭开发对地质条件的影响。
1. 煤–水–土协调开发地质保障的科学内涵
煤炭资源的大规模和高强度开采会在局部引起近地表岩石圈、土壤圈、水圈的多圈层联动响应，同时岩–水–土的赋存也会影响煤炭资源的安全开发（苗霖田等，2021；王双明等，2024）。煤–水–土资源的空间组合和赋存及其协调开发地质保障的科学内涵可以体现在以下方面（图1）。①从煤–水–土多资源综合协调开发的角度，探索煤炭资源开发生命周期条件下的煤炭资源区的地质调查战略和开发策略，形成具有煤炭开发、多资源利用、水土保护、生态屏障、土地安全等一体化的全链条调控措施和开发策略与开发政策。②立足地质条件和资源禀赋特征，开展煤–水–土多资源量的系统调查和地质结构精细表征，全面理解和综合评价煤–水–土赋存特征和相互依存关系，形成集资源禀赋、生态环境、人口经济等于一体的地质调查评价体系和方法。③应用地球科学理论与技术，进行开采过程中地质条件和生态环境的多方位、全时空监控和评价，破解影响煤炭安全开发的煤矿水害、冲击地压、煤与瓦斯突出等灾害问题，实现煤炭资源的安全、智能、绿色高效开发。④探索煤炭开发与地质条件重构及水–土资源协调开发利用实施路径，从地质保障理论和工程技术手段出发，交叉融合多学科知识，形成基于地质环境约束、开采模式调控、系统规划利用的煤–水–土多资源协调开发时空格局。⑤建立全链条、多目标、多维度的煤–水–土多资源协调开发理念，理解煤–水–土多资源开发下地质体结构和生态服务功能演化的影响因素、状态参量和驱动机制，构建采前、采中、采后的全生命周期减损地质保障理论和技术体系。
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图 1 煤–水–土资源协调开发的科学内涵图解Figure 1. Diagram of scientific connotation of coordinated development of coal-water-soil resources2. 煤–水–土协调开发研究的科学难题
煤–水–土多资源协调开发的前提是理解煤–水关系、煤（岩）–土关系、水–土关系以及煤炭开发影响下的水–土–环动态耦合演化过程。煤–水协调开发需要关注矿井水害预测及防控，水资源开发与保护和水健康维护及修复等；煤（岩）–土协调开发重点是开发影响下岩土层变形及地貌演化、土地类型及利用模式、土壤污染防治与修复等；水–土协调开发关注的煤炭开发影响下水–土架构及运行模式演化，水–土作用过程及机理、水–土环境及生态效应等（图2）。从地质结构和生态环境服务功能对多资源协调开发动态响应的角度看，煤–水–土协调开发研究仍有以下几方面内容需要重视。
2.1 煤–水–土空间组合结构及分层界面效应
在三维空间上，煤矿区地质条件（包括煤矿安全生产地质条件和生态环境安全条件）是由煤层、岩层、土层和地下水–地表水及地表植被等组成。其中，煤层和岩层中断层、褶皱和裂隙等是地下水的渗流和循环的重要通道和边界条件；黏土层和致密页岩或泥质砂岩等作为隔水界面的存在，造成富含裂隙空隙的岩层、土层是地下水储存（含水层）和转换循环的场所呈现为不同局部空间特征；在近地表岩土层中有根系发育的根系层、土壤层、包气带、饱水带等的划分。从整体视角上看，煤（岩）–水–土既有宏观组合特征，在局部上又有显著的分层性和界面结构（图3）。因此，充分认识研究区的地质条件的结构特征及其关系对煤–水–土–环的控制性影响是煤–水–土多资源协同开发的地质保障的重要切入点，包括水–土（岩）界面特征、土–岩界面特征、土–植物界面特征、土–气–水–植物界面特征、隔水层–含水层关系、潜水–承压水关系、底板水–顶板水关系等。
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图 3 煤炭开采与地质体多圈层响应图Figure 3. Coal mining and multi-layer response of changes of geological structure2.2 煤–水–土空间结构对煤炭开采响应的时空特征
在煤炭采前，煤–水–土空间结构特征是在漫长地质历史过程中演化形成的，对于人类开发扰动来说是相对静止的。煤炭开采打破了原有地层中的应力平衡，引起地质结构和界面特征及水文循环的改变（图4），这种变化在时间尺度上可以从秒到小时、月、年乃至几十年，相对于地质时间尺度显然是快速和强烈的演化。煤炭开采前煤–水–土空间组合结构主要受控于宏观尺度上地质构造、矿物风化搬运沉积、地形地貌和水文循环等自然因素。煤炭开采导致的岩层移动变形和岩（土）层接触关系变化，显著的受到了煤炭开采空间布局、岩层管理模式、开采时间和开发强度等人类活动的影响，特别是在局部空间尺度上的影响更为显著，体现为垂向结构关系复杂化和水平方向结构异质化。因此，厘清开发前准静态背景下煤–水–土空间结构和对开采活动的响应对于理解、管理和预测煤炭开发全生命周期下煤–水–土资源协调开发十分必要。
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图 4 煤炭开采与煤–水–土空间结构关系变化图Figure 4. Coal mining and changes of coal-water-soil spatial structure relationship2.3 煤炭开采影响下的岩–水–土作用的多过程响应
煤炭开采引起的地质体空间结构和界面性质的变化必然会导致水、气、岩、土的空间分布特征改变，特别地下水存储、渗流和循环会受显著影响，以流体形态运移循环和转化的水–气是多圈层物质循环、能量交换、信息传递的关键纽带与载体，并在开采效应下强化了深部岩石圈与浅表层土、水、和环境的关联性和整体性。煤炭开采会强化岩–水–土系统的地质、水文、物理、化学、生物等多过程耦合作用，改变地下水的补给、径流、排泄过程与循环模式，影响岩土的水量分配机制和储量特征，进而对地表环境、植被生态产生影响。同时引起矿井安全风险、环境污染、地质灾害、水土失衡等问题（图5）。因此，开展考虑垂向覆岩“三带”结构和水平向异质化特征的多过程耦合演化，探索煤（岩）–水–土动态耦合的多过程模式与应用模型非常必要。
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图 5 煤炭开采与岩–水–土响应关系图Figure 5. Coal mining and characteristics of rock-water-soil response relationship2.4 煤炭开采下煤（岩）–水–土相互作用的动态演化
煤炭开发对地质结构既有快速和强烈的突变影响，也是较长时间的地质结构调整演化过程。地质结构的变化与开采工艺与空间布局、岩层管理模式、开采时间和开发强度等密切相关。同时，在水–土作用、水–岩（煤）、水–岩–气等作用下，支撑覆岩稳定、控制地层变形、预防涌突水的煤（岩）柱会随着时间出现强度降低、稳定性失效、隔水性变差等，进而影响地质结构和煤–水–土的空间分布与地质环境功能。因此，煤炭开采下煤（岩）–水–土相互作用研究，需要探讨考虑时间和空间效应基础上的地层结构移动变形演化过程和水文循环过程与土壤–环境的响应规律（图6），厘清地层地质功能结构变化阶段性特征、岩–水–土时空结构响应模式、关键临界值特征。根据煤炭开采下地层结构变化的影响因素、移动变形损害模式和水–土动态演变过程，构建复杂地层结构煤炭安全开采和水–土资源协调开发覆岩变形的演化模型，揭示采动条件下地质系统损害的演化机理非常重要。
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图 6 煤炭开采下煤（岩）–水–土动态关系图Figure 6. Dynamic relationship of rock-water-soil under coal mining2.5 煤–水–土资源协调开发的多目标多维度特征
煤–水土资源协调开发研究具有显著的多维度和多目标特征（图7）。多目标性体现在对煤炭资源开发来说需要解决煤炭资源开发过程中面临的水害、冲击地压等问题，保障安全高效开采；对于水资源开发来说，保障煤矿开发用水的同时，需要实现水资源的合理开发与保护，进行系统水质监控和水资源量监测评价；土地和土壤资源的开发利用主要体现在用地类型和生态环境方面，土壤和水资源是保障生态环境健康和粮食（食品）安全的重要因素。从科学研究的维度看，煤–水–土的协调开发要开展煤炭开采全生命周期内的地质条件和环境效应的关键影响因素、状态参数阈值、演化驱动机制等方面的工作，基于人类活动–地质条件–生态环境相互影响制约的角度，以系统地球科学思维为出发点，发展地球科学、采矿学、生态学、水文学等多学科交叉的煤炭绿色开发地质保障理论与技术，发挥地球科学在煤炭绿色安全开采中的重要作用，实现煤–水–土多资源的协调开发利用。
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图 7 煤–水–土资源协调开发的多维度多目标特征关系图Figure 7. Multi-dimensional and multi-objective characteristics for coordinated development of coal-water-soil3. 煤–水–土协调开发的研究思路与实施路径
以“煤–水–土多资源协调开发地质保障”为研究主线，围绕”采前地质条件→采中地质结构响应→煤–水–土关系动态演化→煤–水–土多资源协调开发战略”这一主线（图8），融合地质学、采矿学、水文学、生态学、工程学等学科理论与实践通过现场调查统计、地质理论分析、岩石力学计算、水文地球模拟、土壤功能监控、生态系统抽样、室内试验测试、物理和数值分析、多参量立体监测、典型范例剖析相结合的研究方法和技术手段，查明采前的煤–水关系、煤（岩）–土关系、水–土关系；揭示采动过程中煤–岩–水–土–环动态耦合关系，制定全链条和煤炭开发全生命周期的协调开发策略，形成基于地质结构探查、开发过程监控、演化模式识别、控制机制分析和环境重构修复的煤–水–土协调开发地质保障理论与工程技术体系。
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图 8 全生命周期的煤–水–土资源协调开发研究思路Figure 8. Research idea of coordinated development of coal-water-soil resources in the whole life cycle在煤–水–土多资源协调开发实施过程中，①采前阶段查明资源量、地质结构、多资源时空关系以及研究区地下水–地表水–大气水–生态水的循环转化规律；揭示煤炭开发影响范围内煤层岩层–土壤–水（地下水–地表水）–生态环境的空间架构与运行模式（耦合关系）。②阐明煤炭开发模式下采岩层移动开裂及地表变形规律与水循环模式响应。③厘清煤炭开发下水圈循环转化演化驱动机制及地表土壤–生态环境长期演化行为。④提出煤炭开发下，水储存–分配动态参量识别与水资源开发–水害防治一体化开发策略。⑤形成考虑长期影响和经济–生态环境效应的煤–水–土协调开发科学理论与地质保障工程技术体系（图9）。
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图 9 全生命周期的煤–水–土资源协调开发实施路径图Figure 9. Implementation path of coal-water-soil resource coordinated development in the whole life cycle of coal development4. 结论
（1）煤–水–土多资源协调开发立足煤炭安全高效开采、土壤–水资源安全和生态环境保护多目标多维度角度，重点剖析了煤炭大规模、高强度开发背景下采前、采中、采后地质条件动态演化、多资源时空耦合关系、生态环境响应特征，探索了煤炭资源开发生命周期条件下的煤炭资源区的地质调查战略和开发策略，提出了基于煤炭开发、多资源利用、水土保护、生态屏障、土地安全等一体化的全链条调控措施和开发策略与开发政策。
（2）煤–水–土多资源协调开发需要从地球关键带的理念出发，认识水–土（岩）界面、土–岩界面、土–植物界面、土–气–水–植物界面、隔水层–含水层关系、潜水–承压水关系、底板水–顶板水关系等对煤炭煤高强度、大规模开发影响下地质结构扰动的响应特征，厘清煤–水–土空间结构及其对开采活动的约束效应，为煤炭开发全生命周期下煤–水–土资源协调开发提供地质基础支撑。
（3）煤–水–土多资源协调开发需要理解煤炭开采全生命周期内的地质条件和环境效应的关键影响因素、状态参数阈值、演化驱动机制；通过煤–水–土多资源量的系统调查和地质结构精细表征综合评价煤–水–土赋存特征和相互依存关系，形成集资源禀赋、生态环境、人口经济等于一体的地质调查评价体系和方法；构建地质环境约束、开采模式调控、系统规划利用的煤–水–土多资源协调开发时空格局。
致谢：感谢西安科技大学王生全教授和孙学阳教授对本文成文给予的大力支持和帮助，感谢研究生胡鑫、辛远和袁鸿浩参与文中图表的编辑工作。
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