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中国地质学会

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    蒿坪河流域石煤矿区河流铝的白色污染及其成因分析

    徐友宁, 陈华清, 柯海玲, 龚慧山, 程秀花, 张明祖, 王晓勇, 赵振宏

    徐友宁, 陈华清, 柯海玲, 等. 蒿坪河流域石煤矿区河流铝的白色污染及其成因分析[J]. 西北地质, 2023, 56(4): 128-140. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2023141
    引用本文: 徐友宁, 陈华清, 柯海玲, 等. 蒿坪河流域石煤矿区河流铝的白色污染及其成因分析[J]. 西北地质, 2023, 56(4): 128-140. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2023141
    XU Youning, CHEN Huaqing, KE Hailing, et al. Analysis of White Pollution of River Aluminum in Stone CoalMining Area in Haoping River Basin and Its Causes[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2023, 56(4): 128-140. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2023141
    Citation: XU Youning, CHEN Huaqing, KE Hailing, et al. Analysis of White Pollution of River Aluminum in Stone CoalMining Area in Haoping River Basin and Its Causes[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2023, 56(4): 128-140. DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2023141

    蒿坪河流域石煤矿区河流铝的白色污染及其成因分析

    基金项目: 陕西省重点研发计划“秦巴山区金属矿产开发引发生态环境污染综合治理关键技术与示范”(2023-ZDLSF-63),中国地质调查局项目“安康蒿坪河流域石煤矿区生态修复支撑调查与监测”(DD20230457)联合资助。
    详细信息
      作者简介:

      徐友宁(1963−)男,博士,研究员,从事矿山地质环境研究工作。E−mail:948477575@qq.com

    • 中图分类号: P592

    Analysis of White Pollution of River Aluminum in Stone CoalMining Area in Haoping River Basin and Its Causes

    • 摘要:

      矿山酸性水及其伴生的重金属污染是含黄铁矿矿山最主要、综合治理难度最大的污染问题。为了查明蒿坪河流域废弃石煤矿开采河流铝的白色污染及成因问题,2021年以来进行了卫星遥感解译、无固定翼无人机航测、样品采集与分析、主要河流断面水质动态监测等工作。结果表明:① 研究区河流普遍存在铝的白色污染,其形成可见3种模式:两条沟道不同酸碱度的河水混合后形成白水带;河道河水自然跌水后在河床形成白色污染物;河水自然演化形成酸性水、酸性磺水与酸性白水。② 河水铝离子污染普遍且超标严重,216件河水中Al离子平均含量为8.6 mg/l,样品超标率65.8%,19条河流断面3次河水中Al离子的平均超标率90.48%。③ 河流中铝来自于石煤矿及其围岩中酸性溶解作用长石的结果,废渣堆底部流水是河流铝的主要污染源。④ 河水中铝离子与pH具有显著的负相关关系,河水酸度愈大,河水中铝离子含量愈高;河水中白色无定形胶凝状物形成后,河水中铝离子含量显著降低。河水pH的升高,是河流白色污染物形成的主要因素。河水中铝的白色污染物具有无定形特点,化学组分复杂,是硫酸根、氢氧根及铝构成的复杂化合物。铝的白色无定形胶凝状物具有吸附河水中重金属离子的能力。研究成果可为研究区铝的污染防治提供重要的理论依据。

      Abstract:

      Acid mine drainage and its associated heavy metal pollution are the most important mine pollution problems in pyrite−bearing mining areas and the most difficult to comprehensively treat. In order to find out the white pollution and causes of aluminum mining rivers from abandoned stone coal mines in the Haoping river basin, satellite remote sensing interpretation, non−fixed−wing UAV aerial survey, sample collection and analysis, and dynamic monitoring of water quality in major river sections have been carried out since 2021. The results show that, ①white pollution of aluminum is common in rivers in the study area, and three patterns can be seen: the two channels are mixed with river water with different pH degrees to form white water belts; after the natural fall of the river water, white pollutants are formed on the rock surface of the riverbed; river water naturally evolves to form acidic water, acidic sulfur water, and acidic white water. ②Aluminum ion pollution in river water was widespread and seriously exceeded the standard, the average content of Al ions in 216 river waters was 8.6 mg/l, the sample exceeded the standard rate by 65.8%, and the average excess rate of Al ions in the three river waters of 19 river sections was 90.48%. ③ The aluminum in the river comes from the result of the acid water dissolution of feldspar in the stone coal mine and its surrounding rock, and the flowing water at the bottom of the waste residue pile is the main source of pollution of the river aluminum. ④ Aluminum ions in river water have a significant negative correlation with pH, and the greater the acidity of river water, the higher the content of aluminum ions in river water; after the formation of white amorphous gels in river water, the content of aluminum ions in river water decreased significantly. The increase in the pH of river water is the main factor in the formation of white pollutants in rivers. The white pollutants of aluminum in river water have amorphous characteristics, complex chemical composition, and are complex compounds composed of sulfate, hydroxide and aluminum. The white amorphous gel of aluminum has the ability to adsorb heavy metal ions in river water. The research results can have important theoretical and practical application value for the pollution prevention and control of aluminum in the research area.

    • 图  1   研究区地貌及水系图

      Figure  1.   Geomorphology and water system map of the study area

      图  2   黄泥沟支沟河水汇入蒿坪河主河道后的白水带照片

      Figure  2.   Photo of the white water zone after the water of the Huangnigou branch flows into the main channel of the Haoping river

      图  3   陈家沟河水与魔芋厂排水混合后的白水带照片

      Figure  3.   Photo of the white water band after mixing the water of the Chenjiagou river with the drainage of the konjac factory

      图  4   月池沟河道白色污染照片

      Figure  4.   Photo of white pollution in the Yuechigou channel

      图  5   静水谭中白色絮凝胶状物照片

      Figure  5.   Photo of white flocculent gel in still water tan

      图  6   堰沟河沟道银白色污染带照片

      Figure  6.   Silver–white pollution photo of weir ditch channel

      图  7   堰沟河沟道银白色污染照片

      Figure  7.   Silver–white pollution photo of weir ditch channel

      图  8   小米溪沟下游沟道白色浑浊河水照片

      Figure  8.   Photo of white turbid river water in the lower channel of Xiaomixigou

      图  9   小米溪沟河水汇入主河道后的白色胶状物照片

      Figure  9.   Photo of white gel after the water of Xiaomixigouflows into the main channel

      图  10   屠家沟废弃矿硐积水潭磺水与白水胶状物照片

      Figure  10.   Photo of yellow and white water glue in the pondof Tujiagou abandoned mine

      图  11   勉汝河河道黄色与白色较状物照片

      Figure  11.   Photo of yellow and white contrasts in the course of the Mianru river

      图  12   地表水样品中铝离子污染等级百分比图

      Figure  12.   Percentage of aluminum ion contamination levels in surface water samples

      图  13   研究区河水Al离子超标倍数等级点状分布图

      Figure  13.   The dot–like distribution of Al ions exceeding the standard multiple grade in the study area

      图  14   七堰沟中上游河水中白色污染形成与废石渣堆的关系图

      Figure  14.   The relationship between white pollution in the middle and upper reaches of the Qiyangou river and the waste residue pile

      图  15   小米溪沟河水中的Al离子与pH值的关系图

      Figure  15.   Diagram of Al ions vs. pH in Xiaomixigou river

      图  16   Al(OH)3的溶度积S与pH关系图(无机化学,2001

      Figure  16.   Solubility S vs. pH of Al(OH)3

      表  1   研究区河水中有关参数含量特征值统计表

      Table  1   Characteristic values of relevant parameter content in river water in the study area

      特征值pH值Al(mg/L)SO42–(mg/L)
      最小值2.760.0126.21
      最大值9.341866963
      平均值5.948.6478.58
      众数6.68169.0
      中位数6.350.67135.0
      标准离差1.4382.58997.1
      标准限值6~90.2250
       注:①污染物未检出的含量按0处理;②铝执行生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749–2006);③其余污染物执行《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838–2002)》二类水标准。
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  2   主要河流断面3期河水样品污染物参数的平均值统计表

      Table  2   Average of pollutant parameters of river water samples from phase 3 of major river sections

      河流名称及断面pH值Al(mg/L)Fe(mg/L)SO42−(mg/L)
      蒿坪河(滴水崖水库下游) 7.31 0.079 0.014 110.000
      北沟口 6.97 0.696 0.014 73.033
      铁炉沟口 7.25 0.066 0.014 95.433
      堰沟河口 5.65 2.033 0.116 321.333
      陈家沟口 4.6 11.881 0.076 471.000
      涂家沟口 7.18 0.338 0.030 256.500
      七堰沟口 6.32 1.818 0.014 135.833
      大(小)沟口 7.42 3.349 0.244 150.333
      板沟口 5.94 0.603 0.023 154.500
      大磨沟口 7.08 0.201 0.033 170.500
      小磨沟口 3.61 45.542 0.796 1133.333
      黄泥沟口 4.03 43.061 0.368 856.667
      猪槽沟口 4.27 59.106 0.406 926.667
      大堰沟口 7.21 2.203 0.017 265.167
      蒿坪河入汉江回水区断面 7.32 1.783 0.011 90.000
      蒿坪河入汉滨区断面 7.34 0.322 0.050 163.750
      勉汝河 6.88 0.498 0.014 86.933
      小米溪沟废渣坝下 3.26 179.657 8.023 3336.667
      小米溪沟污水处理厂出水口下游 3.39 119.734 13.133 2250.833
      小米溪沟口 4.42 53.927 0.176 1171.167
      大米溪沟口 7.55 0.249 0.014 98.167
      标准限值 6~9 0.2 0.3 250
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  3   研究区石煤矿石及围岩中主要化学组分含量

      Table  3   The content of chemical components in rock, coal ore and surrounding rock in the study area

      SiO2(%)Al2O3(%)FeO(%)Fe2O3(%)MnO(%)
      石煤矿石47.606.522.41.750.076
      石煤角砾岩39.8716.291.85.570.044
      粗面岩和碱性玄武岩40.2412.128.176.330.162
      板岩52.8413.092.493.930.12
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  4   露天煤矿2#废渣堆底部渗流水pH及污染物含量及超标倍数

      Table  4   pH and pollutant content and excessive multiple of seepage water at the bottom of the 2# waste residue pile in open–pit coal mine

      送样号pH值AlSO42−TFe 备注
      含量(mg/L)超标倍数含量(mg/L)超标倍数含量(mg/L)超标倍数
      S21-13.011657932501242.6141废渣堆底部渗流水
      S21-23.02152759492018.6863.501210.67
      S21-43.0613466920807.3227.4590.5
      S21-53.2657.628721007.468.901228.67
      S21-63.154.9823.920707.28306.5791020.93
      S21-7(对照点)6.621---上游支沟清水
      相关标准值6~90.22500.3
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  5   七堰沟上游溪水中pH及污染物超标倍数统计表

      Table  5   The pH and pollutants in the upstream stream of Qi Yangou exceeded the standard multiple

      采样点pHAlSO42–TFe河流颜色
      S21-114.4440.25沟脑溪流清水
      S21-164.3776.500.104沟脑溪流清水
      S21-174.5040.05河水白色浑浊
      S21-127.08清水
      S21-138.05局部可见磺水
      S21-145.533.05可见白色污染
      S21-156.360.75河水白色浑浊
      S21-184.8010.05河床可见白色沉淀物
       注:“–”表示未超标地表水二类标准。
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  6   河水中pH值与污染物的相关关系统计表

      Table  6   Correlation between pH and pollutants in river water

       pH值AlFeSO42–
      pH1   
      Al−0.799**1  
      Fe−0.576**0.824**1 
      SO42-−0.814**0.993**0.822**1
       注:*表示p<0.05;**表示p<0.01。
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  7   小米溪沟河水沿程河水颜色、pH值及Al离子含量统计表

      Table  7   The color, pH and aluminum ion content of the river along the Xiaomixigou river

      样号河水颜色pH值Al(mg/L)
      S423石煤矿废渣库坝下10 m处清水3.14243.20
      S424河水进入酸碱中和处理站之前的清水3.18248.88
      S425酸碱中和处理站排水,清水8.911.00
      S427处理站排水与河水混合后河水,淡黄色8.727.67
      S428淡黄色3.75120.78
      S429黄色,浑浊3.9189.03
      S430黄色,浑浊4.53109.19
      S432中游黄中带白,浑浊3.61122.57
      S433下游黄白,浑浊3.7492.81
      S434汉江汇水前黄中带白,浑浊4.5185.25
      下载: 导出CSV
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    出版历程
    • 收稿日期:  2023-06-14
    • 修回日期:  2023-07-17
    • 录用日期:  2023-07-19
    • 网络出版日期:  2023-07-19
    • 刊出日期:  2023-08-19

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