Identification of Mineralized and Barren Magmatic Rocks for the Pophryry−Skarn Deposits from the Qimantagh, East Kunlun: Based on Machine Learning and Whole−Rock Compositions
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摘要:
东昆仑祁漫塔格成矿带是中国西北地区重要的铜钼铁铅锌多金属成矿带，发育卡尔却卡、野马泉、维宝、乌兰乌珠儿等许多与花岗岩类有关的斑岩−矽卡岩矿床。随着新一轮找矿突破战略行动的开展，进一步加强对祁漫塔格成矿带花岗岩成矿潜力的研究，已成为推动该地区金属矿产储量增长的重要突破口。为此，笔者在系统收集祁漫塔格成矿带典型斑岩−矽卡岩多金属矿床成矿岩体和贫矿岩体（即非成矿岩体）的全岩主量和微量元素数据基础上，选取28种常见的全岩地球化学特征，借助机器学习算法——随机森林，开展机器学习模型训练，建立能够识别该地区斑岩−矽卡岩多金属矿床成矿岩体和非成矿岩体的新方法。根据模型评价指标，笔者训练得到的随机森林分类模型准确率为0.90，证明该方法能够有效识别成矿岩体和非成矿岩体。该研究为祁漫塔格成矿带斑岩−矽卡岩多金属矿床的找矿勘查提供了新思路，将极大地提高找矿效率、降低找矿经济和人力成本，从而更好的服务新一轮找矿突破战略行动。相关机器学习代码已上传至GitHub，地址为https://github.com/ShihuaZhong/2023-Qimantagh-RF-whole-rock-classifier。
Abstract:The Qimantagh Orogenic Belt in the East Kunlun is an important Cu−Mo−Fe−Pb−Zn polymetallic mineralization belt in the northwest of China, and many porphyry-skarn deposits that are genetically related to granitoids are founded, such as Kaerqueka, Yemaquan, Weibao, and Wulanwuzhuer. With the development of a new round of strategic action to find mineral breakthroughs, further strengthening the study of granite mineralization potential in the Qimantagh Orogenic Belt has become an important breakthrough to promote the growth of metal mineral reserves in the region. In this paper, based on the systematic collection of whole−rock major and trace element data of mineralized and barren magmatic rocks of typical porphyry−skarn polymetallic deposits in the Qimantagh Orogenic Belt, 28 common whole-rock geochemical features are selected, and the machine learning algorithm (Random Forest) is used for the training of the machine learning model to establish a machine learning model capable of identifying the mineralized and barren magmatic rocks of porphyry−skarn polymetallic deposits in the region. A new method is developed to identify the mineralized and barren magmatic rocks in the porphyry−skarn polymetallic deposits in this area. According to the model evaluation metric, the accuracy of the Random Forest classification model trained in this paper is 0.90, which proves that the method can effectively recognize mineralized and barren magmatic rocks. This study provides a new idea for the prospecting and exploration of porphyry−skarn polymetallic deposits in the Qimantagh Orogenic Belt, which will greatly improve the efficiency of prospecting, reduce the economic and labor costs of prospecting, and thus better serve the new round of strategic action of prospecting and breakthrough. The machine learning code has been uploaded to GitHub at https://github.com/ShihuaZhong/2023-Qimantagh-RF-whole-rock-classifier.
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大兴安岭地区分布着面积十分巨大的岩浆岩带，其中三分之二由火山岩组成，规模如此之大的火山岩分布，其形成原因一直是众多地质学者研究的热点问题。大兴安岭作为兴蒙造山带重要组成部分，在晚古生代经历了古亚洲的闭合，随后在中生代发生了比较典型的隆起事件，在白垩纪该构造隆起达到高潮，众多学者认为该时期大兴安岭处于伸展构造环境下（葛文春等，2001；孟恩等，2011；Jahn et al., 2001；邵济安等，2002；林强等，2003；Wang et al., 2006；Zhang et al., 2008），但对于中-晚侏罗世构造环境研究还没有形成统一认识，主要包括挤压构造背景（赵书跃等，2004；刘俊杰等，2006）和造山后伸展构造背景（陈志广等，2006；孟恩等，2011；程银行等，2013；王杰等，2014；李鹏川等，2016）等。近年来，随着研究的深入，在大兴安岭地区获得了大量的火山岩年龄数据，但研究大部分围绕大兴安岭北段，而对于中南段研究较少。钓鱼台地区位于内蒙古东部，大兴安岭中段，靠近兴安地块和松嫩地块的结合部位，其构造位置和地质特征均具有代表性。因此，笔者选取内蒙古东部钓鱼台地区的满克头鄂博组火山岩进行岩石学、年代学和地球化学等方面开展相关研究工作，以期厘定该地区火山岩的形成时代、岩浆来源和构造背景，结合前人的研究成果，为大兴安岭中段在中—晚侏罗世的地质演化提供新的证据。
1. 地质简况及样品采集
研究区位于内蒙古自治区乌兰浩特市西北部，南为乌兰浩特市，东为扎赉特旗，西为阿尔山市，研究区区域大地构造属于天山–兴蒙造山带，大兴安岭弧盆系，东乌旗-多宝山岛弧范围内，研究区靠近兴安地块和松嫩地块的结合部位，贺根山-嫩江-黑河板块缝合带位于研究区南部（图1a）。研究区主构造线方向为NE向，古生代与中生代构造线方向总体一致，均为NE向，主要缘于西伯利亚板块东南缘古生代主构造线在本区一改近EW向构造格局所致，因此构造特色显著。断裂构造为研究区主要的构造形迹，其次为褶皱构造。研究区地层出露主要以晚古生界和中生界为主，除了部分地层为碎屑岩沉积外，其余大部分为火山岩沉积，区内岩浆岩较发育，整体呈NE向展布，与区域内主构造线一致，侵入时代主要为白垩纪，以酸性岩类为主。地层单位由老至新划分为古生界石炭系格根敖包组（C2g），中生界侏罗系玛尼吐组（J3mn）、满克头鄂博组（J3m）（图1b）。
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图 1 钓鱼台地区地质简图（a据刘晨等，2017改编）1.第四系；2.晚侏罗系玛尼吐组；3.晚侏罗系满克头鄂博组；4.晚石炭系格根敖包组；5.花岗斑岩；6.流纹斑岩；7.正长花岗岩；8.锆石采集点；9.地球化学样品采集点；10.构造Figure 1. Geological sketch of the Diaoyutai area本次工作主要对钓鱼台地区满克头鄂博组流纹质凝灰岩进行研究，该组主要分布于工作区西部的门德沟-托欣河一带，总体呈NE向展布，出露面积约为84.07 km2。该组为一套陆相酸性火山岩组合，其角度不整合于格根敖包组及晚三叠世中细粒二长花岗岩之上，与上覆玛尼吐组为整合接触。下部主要岩性为凝灰质含砾砂岩、沉火山角砾凝灰岩及少量复成分砾岩、流纹质火山角砾凝灰岩等，产井上大胎壳叶肢介（Magumbonia-jingshangensis）、蜂窝梁大胎壳叶肢介（Magumbonia-fengwolingensis）。上部主要岩性为流纹质火山角砾凝灰岩、流纹质晶屑凝灰岩、流纹质熔结凝灰岩及流纹岩等。其中锆石年代学样品编号为TW11，地球化学样品为工作区内新鲜的基岩中取得，排除了变质、蚀变等情况的影响，编号为DP7H01～06，同时对岩石样品进行岩石学鉴定。
流纹质凝灰岩，晶屑玻屑凝灰结构，块状构造，部分具假流纹构造。岩石有晶屑、玻屑、岩屑等组成。晶屑为尖角状或不规则状，有的保留半自形，晶屑成分主要为斜长石、钾长石、石英和少部分的黑云母，钾长石晶屑遭泥化作用，斜长石遭绢云母化作用，有环带构造，多数石英晶屑保留熔蚀港湾状，黑云母晶屑为片状，多数黑云母遭脱铁作用，并有铁质析出，晶屑粒径为0.05～2.00 mm，少部分晶屑可达3.0 mm的角砾级的晶屑，含量约为25%。玻屑部分为粒径小于0.05 mm的火山尘质点，部分玻屑为尖角状、凹面棱角、蠕虫状或不规则状，玻屑集合体呈条纹状，微具有塑性，在刚性的晶屑周围形成绕流，假流纹构造，大部分玻屑遭脱玻化作用，有的略有偏光反应，有的重结晶成细小的长英质，不透明矿物及铁质少量，岩石遭到强烈的绢云母化作用，岩石有裂隙发育，裂隙被铁质充填，含量约为65%。岩屑主要成分为流纹岩、英安岩及安山岩，次棱角状，大小为0.20～2.00 mm，含量约为10%（图2a、图2b）。
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图 2 钓鱼台地区火山岩野外（a）及镜下照片（b）Figure 2. (a) Field and (b) microscopic photographs of volcanic rocks in the Diaoyutai area2. 测试方法
河北省廊坊市区域地质调查研究院承担锆石测年工作中单矿物分选工作。首先将每件样品破碎，并粉碎至适当粒径，通过清洗、烘干、筛选等程序，选出不同粒级的锆石晶体，镜下挑选出颗粒较好的锆石晶体进行制靶。锆石CL图像拍摄与LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年在北京科荟测试技术有限公司完成，采用的激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪是德国生产的Jena elite，激光器型号是美国生产的Newwave 193-UC。根据锆石的阴极发光图像、透射光图像选取无包裹体、没有裂隙的合适锆石位置，采用193 mm准分子激光器对锆石表面进行剥蚀，激光剥蚀直径是25 μm，剥蚀频率10 Hz。以He气作为剥蚀物质的载气，将剥蚀物质运送至质谱仪进行测试分析。ICPMS的高频发射器功率是
1200 w，冷却气（Ar）流是9 L/min，分析的积分时间共40 s，空白采集时间30 s。样品数据处理以NIST 610和GJ-1作为内部锆石标准，软件使用ICPMSData程序（刘平华等，2010）和Isopolot程序（Ludwing, 2003）进行分析和作图。地球化学样品共计6件，进行主量、微量及稀土元素分析，测试由河北省区域地质矿产调查研究所实验室完成。首先对样品进行去风化壳工作，获得新鲜样品后进行粉碎，并用球磨仪研磨成粉末状，主量元素采用Axios max X射线荧光光谱仪进行测试，精度优于5%，微量元素采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行测试，分析精度优于5%，技术方法满足要求，地球化学图解经过去掉烧失量重新计算作图。
3. 分析结果
3.1 锆石U-Pb年代学
研究区流纹质凝灰岩锆石U-Pb同位素分析结果见表1。所选取锆石样品多成长柱状或方块状，透明度较好，锆石颗粒直径多为100～150 μm，锆石具有明显的岩浆成因的韵律环带（图3）。研究认为，锆石成因不同其相应的Th/U也不相同（Rubatto et al., 2000），一般岩浆锆石的Th/U大于0.4，而变质锆石的Th/U含量较低，Th/U常小于0.07。本次锆石TW11样品中的Th/U值为0.24～1.96，大部分锆石Th/U大于0.4，均表现出明显的岩浆锆石特点（王新雨等，2023；代新宇等，2024）。在206Pb/238U-207Pb/235U谐和图上，部分锆石年龄谐和度差，因此不参与最后计算。其余测点年龄加权平均值为(160.3±2.2) Ma，MSWD=3.4，该年龄代表了流纹质凝灰岩形成的年龄（图4）。
表 1 钓鱼台地区火山岩（TW11）锆石U-Pb测试结果Table 1. Zircon U-Pb test results of volcanic rocks（TW11）in the Diaoyutai area编号 含量（10−6） Th/U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 238U/232Th 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U Pb Th U 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 年龄
（Ma）1σ 年龄
（Ma）1σ 年龄
（Ma）1σ TW11-01 37.5 162.9 690.3 0.24 0.0533 0.002 0.1878 0.0072 0.0256 0.0003 3.13 342.7 89.8 174.8 6.2 163 2.1 TW11-02 44.8 247.6 452.1 0.55 0.0561 0.0029 0.1964 0.0099 0.0255 0.0003 1.37 453.8 110.2 182.1 8.4 162.3 2.2 TW11-03 42.6 224.9 609.2 0.37 0.0523 0.0022 0.1761 0.0076 0.0245 0.0003 2.16 301.9 91.7 164.7 6.5 156 2 TW11-04 29.2 94.3 139.3 0.68 0.0606 0.0036 0.3916 0.0236 0.0467 0.0008 1.12 633.4 123.9 335.5 17.2 294.2 5 TW11-05 82.2 400.1 1221.7 0.33 0.0519 0.0016 0.1747 0.0053 0.0244 0.0002 2.4 279.7 70.4 163.5 4.6 155.6 1.4 TW11-06 36.9 155.2 665.8 0.23 0.0493 0.0021 0.1683 0.0069 0.0249 0.0003 3.26 164.9 100 157.9 6 158.7 1.9 TW11-07 41.7 148.4 126.9 1.17 0.0547 0.0047 0.3462 0.0275 0.0467 0.0008 0.67 466.7 195.3 301.8 20.7 294.3 4.6 TW11-08 29.7 128.9 558.8 0.23 0.0483 0.002 0.1685 0.0064 0.0255 0.0003 3.37 122.3 96.3 158.1 5.5 162.4 2 TW11-09 51 110.9 157.7 0.7 0.0605 0.0032 0.5803 0.0324 0.0694 0.0012 1.14 620.4 114.8 464.7 20.8 432.3 7 TW11-10 61.2 206.7 257.2 0.8 0.0532 0.0031 0.3368 0.0187 0.0464 0.0007 0.97 338.9 126.8 294.8 14.2 292.4 4.1 TW11-11 31.3 139.8 495.7 0.28 0.0505 0.0025 0.1764 0.0085 0.0255 0.0003 2.8 216.7 112.9 165 7.3 162.4 2 TW11-12 20.3 123.3 141.9 0.87 0.0546 0.0044 0.1938 0.0154 0.0259 0.0005 0.91 394.5 178.7 179.9 13.1 164.8 3 TW11-13 38 260 176.4 1.47 0.0476 0.0047 0.1582 0.014 0.0249 0.0005 0.54 79.7 218.5 149.1 12.3 158.6 3.5 TW11-14 27.4 92.3 147.4 0.63 0.0564 0.0032 0.3524 0.0217 0.0454 0.0009 1.23 477.8 121.3 306.5 16.3 286.2 5.8 TW11-15 65.2 465.6 237.5 1.96 0.0545 0.0037 0.1912 0.0125 0.0259 0.0004 0.43 390.8 186.1 177.6 10.7 165 2.5 TW11-16 25.3 150.5 258.4 0.58 0.048 0.0032 0.162 0.0102 0.025 0.0004 1.36 101.9 148.1 152.5 8.9 159.1 2.4 TW11-17 60.3 278.2 812.8 0.34 0.0514 0.002 0.1878 0.0076 0.0265 0.0004 2.2 257.5 90.7 174.8 6.5 168.5 2.5 TW11-18 23.7 124.8 289.3 0.43 0.051 0.0031 0.1833 0.0113 0.0264 0.0005 1.72 242.7 144.4 170.9 9.7 168 2.9 TW11-19 42.1 209.3 649.6 0.32 0.0505 0.0027 0.1731 0.0094 0.0248 0.0003 2.59 220.4 119.4 162.1 8.2 158.2 2.1 TW11-20 92.4 583 801.8 0.73 0.0538 0.0022 0.1833 0.0074 0.0248 0.0003 1.43 364.9 60.2 170.9 6.3 158 1.9 ![]()
图 3 钓鱼台地区火山岩部分锆石阴极发光（CL）图Figure 3. CL images of partial zircon of volcanic rocks in the Diaoyutai area![]()
图 4 钓鱼台地区火山岩（TW11）锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图(a)及加权平均图(b)Figure 4. (a) U-Pb age concordance and (b) weighted average of volcanic rocks（TW11）in the Diaoyutai area3.2 地球化学
流纹质凝灰岩主量元素分析结果见表2，其SiO2含量为73.14%～76.64%，平均为74.98%，Al2O3含量为12.51%～14.41%，平均为13.33%，MgO含量为0.28%～1.15%，CaO含量为0.30%～2.33%，P2O5含量较低为0.03%～0.07%，全碱（ALK）含量较低为5.79%～9.04%，平均值为6.96%，同时Na2O/K2O为0.49～0.96，岩石表现为富钾特征，铝过饱和指数（A/CNK）为1.00～1.57，表现为钙碱性特征。根据火山岩TAS图解（图5a），样品全落入流纹岩范围内，根据SiO2-K2O图解（图5b），样品均显示为高钾钙碱性系列岩石。
表 2 钓鱼台地区火山岩主量元素（%）、微量和稀土元素（10−6）分析结果Table 2. Major (%), trace and REE element (10−6) analytical results of volcanic rocks in the Diaoyutai area样品编号 DP7H01 DP7H02 DP7H03 DP7H04 DP7H05 DP7H06 岩石名称 流纹质凝灰岩 SiO2 75.32 74.92 73.14 75 76.64 74.88 TiO2 0.06 0.06 0.14 0.23 0.19 0.29 Al2O3 14.41 13.64 14.04 12.51 12.6 12.79 Fe2O3 0.53 0.15 0.3 1.27 0.69 1.01 FeO 0.68 1.69 1.72 0.68 0.54 0.97 MnO 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.06 MgO 0.75 0.56 1.15 0.47 0.31 0.28 CaO 0.52 0.95 2.33 0.52 0.3 0.3 Na2O 2.68 2.56 1.9 2.5 2.18 4.42 K2O 3.56 4.4 3.89 4.87 4.2 4.62 P2O5 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.05 LOI 1.7 1.07 1.03 1.18 2.16 0.71 ∑ 100.27 100.14 99.81 99.34 99.91 100.4 ALK 6.24 6.96 5.79 7.37 6.38 9.04 N/K 0.75 0.58 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.96 A/CNK 1.57 1.28 1.21 1.21 1.45 1 Mg# 53.61 35.36 50.74 31.49 32.25 20.99 SI 9.15 5.98 12.83 4.81 3.92 2.48 DI 5.4 11.99 8.49 18.91 16.04 26.17 Li 31.73 34.04 46.73 3.58 6.55 5.48 Be 3.44 2.25 3 3.48 3.48 2.41 V 6.96 4.04 9.63 12.02 14.15 8.81 Cr 2.14 1.69 1.57 2.27 14.67 2.52 Co 0.2 0.28 1.07 1.18 3.73 0.53 Ni 1.59 0.59 1.22 1.4 10.89 3.41 Cu 2.05 1.72 2.91 3.21 3.16 3.58 Zn 21.07 42.35 42.29 80.57 89.32 131.63 Ga 22.98 19.22 16.7 22.44 19.59 18.85 Rb 148.93 152.94 102.92 180.9 199.38 118.41 Zr 93.41 126.5 110.7 251.16 196.38 242.26 Nb 12.43 10.87 8.54 19.63 21.99 13.69 Mo 1.17 1.82 0.32 0.53 3.27 0.36 In 0.16 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 Ba 741.57 1207.12 595.11 152.26 103.65 387.61 Sr 51.9 205.21 154.72 73.08 43.53 54.27 Hf 3.57 3.1 3.63 8.43 8.04 6.74 Ta 0.98 0.7 0.6 1.38 1.68 0.88 W 0.45 0.25 0.26 1.04 1.56 2.11 Pb 21 19.88 11.48 20.89 37.09 16.91 Bi 0.13 0.12 0.01 0.5 0.63 0.07 续表2 样品编号 DP7H01 DP7H02 DP7H03 DP7H04 DP7H05 DP7H06 Th 5.55 4.59 4.96 19.4 21.65 8.77 U 1.74 1.57 1.44 4.05 6.05 2.1 Au 0.81 0.85 1.38 0.74 0.42 1.22 Ag 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 B 21.83 13.29 11.18 4.46 8.01 4.33 F 1536.74 639.06 880.52 381.14 465.67 264.69 Y 14 14.1 12.1 23.6 25.1 27.1 La 19.3 14.9 20.5 29.8 40.1 35.9 Ce 39.2 42 37.1 70.6 64.1 63 Pr 3.96 3.25 4.2 6.52 8.64 8.84 Nd 13.9 11.6 14.6 22.7 27.1 34.8 Sm 2.77 2.48 2.54 4.07 4.62 6 Eu 0.46 0.53 0.66 0.36 0.31 0.79 Gd 2.51 2.14 2.22 3.82 4.26 5.13 Tb 0.41 0.36 0.35 0.61 0.69 0.78 Dy 2.36 2.16 1.98 3.88 4.4 4.47 Ho 0.43 0.39 0.38 0.8 0.85 0.84 Er 1.17 1.04 1.09 2.42 2.64 2.37 Tm 0.2 0.18 0.21 0.47 0.52 0.44 Yb 1.21 1.11 1.22 2.88 3.15 2.64 Lu 0.18 0.16 0.19 0.44 0.49 0.41 ΣREE 88.06 82.3 87.24 149.37 161.87 166.41 LREE 79.59 74.76 79.6 134.05 144.87 149.33 HREE 8.47 7.54 7.64 15.32 17 17.08 LREE/HREE 9.4 9.92 10.42 8.75 8.52 8.74 (La/Yb)N 11.44 9.63 12.05 7.42 9.13 9.75 δEu 0.53 0.7 0.85 0.28 0.21 0.44 δCe 1.1 1.48 0.98 1.24 0.84 0.87 ![]()
Figure 5. TAS diagram and SiO2-K2O diagram of volcanic rocks in the Diaoyutai area岩石表现为富集Rb、Th、U、Nd等大离子亲石元素（LILE），亏损Nb、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）（图6a）。岩石稀土元素ΣREE=82.30×10−6～155.41×10−6，（La/Yb）N=7.42～11.44，轻重稀土分馏明显。轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损，LREE/HREE=8.52～10.42，根据稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分图显示为明显的右倾特征（图6b），δEu=0.21～0.85，平均值为0.5，表现较为明显的负异常，其中稀土元素配分图与洋岛玄武岩（OIB）配分模式相近（Sun et al., 1989）。
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图 6 钓鱼台地区火山岩微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图（a）和稀土元素球粒陨石标准化REE图解（b）（标准化数据源自Sun等, 1989）Figure 6. Primitive mantle-normalized trace element spidergrams and chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns of volcanic rocks in the Diaoyutai area4. 讨论
4.1 时代归属
大兴安岭地区的火山岩基本都来自于中生代，特别是中晚侏罗世和白垩纪，特别是随着锆石U-Pb测年技术的应用和日渐成熟，使该地区的火山岩的年龄特征进一步显现。郝彬等（2016）在赤峰地区厘定了晚侏罗世（160～147 Ma）和早白垩世（132～129 Ma）的火山岩，主要以中酸性火山岩为主，杨扬等（2012）同样在赤峰地区测得满克头鄂博组火山岩的U-Pb年龄分别为(156±2) Ma和(157±3) Ma，杜洋等（2017）在克一河地区测得满克头鄂博组流纹质火山岩为139 Ma，刘凯等在大兴安岭北段图里河地区测得满克头鄂博组火山岩的年龄为(156±1) Ma。同时也有大量学者获得了大兴安岭其他地区中晚侏罗世火山岩年龄，同样集中在150～170 Ma（Wang et al., 2006；陈志广等，2006；张吉衡, 2006；张连昌等，2007；苟军等，2010；孙德有等，2011；程银行等，2014）。本次在内蒙古中部钓鱼台地区满克头鄂博组流纹质凝灰岩采集的锆石加权平均年龄为(160.3±2.2) Ma，表明在晚侏罗世，该地区存在比较强烈的火山作用，形成了满克头鄂博组酸性的火山岩。
4.2 火山岩成因及来源
根据测试分析可知，满克头鄂博组流纹质凝灰岩SiO2含量平均为74.98%，全碱（ALK）含量平均为6.96%，Na2O/K2O平均为0.64，为偏钾质，A/NKC平均为1.29，属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石，表现为壳源岩浆的特点。同时岩石表现为富集Rb、Th、U、Nd等大离子亲石元素（LILE），亏损Nb、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE），特别强烈亏损Sr、P、Ti，也表明岩浆由地壳熔融产生（葛文春等，2001）。
研究表明，斜长石的分离结晶会导致Eu和Sr的强烈亏损，二者对斜长石是强相容元素，研究区的火山岩，表现出较为明显的Eu异常，平均值为0.50，同时Sr也表现为明显亏损，P的负异常则可能表现为磷灰石的结晶分离，Ti的亏损可能受控于钛铁矿的分离结晶作用。同时在研究区内并未发现该时期基性岩的分布，说明岩浆来源不应为基性岩浆结晶分离的产物，同时岩石的Cr含量平均为4.14×10−6，Ni的含量平均为3.18×10−6，同样表现为未有幔源物质的加入（邓晋福等, 1999）。
火山岩的Nb/U平均值为5.83，相比于大陆地壳偏低（Rudinick et al., 2003）。Nb/Ta值平均值为14.22，稍高于大陆地壳的平均值（11～12）（Xiong et al., 2005）。Rb/Sr为0.67～4.58，平均为2.25，与OIB（0.047）、原始地幔（0.03）、E-MORB（0.033）相比明显偏高（Sun et al., 1989），与壳源岩浆的范围（＞0.5）一致（Tischeendorf et al., 1985），Nd/Th值的平均值为2.39，接近壳源岩石的比值（≈3）（Bea et al., 2001；Rudinick et al., 2003），Ti/Zr=5.45，也均分布在壳源岩浆的范围内（Ti/Zr＜20）（Wilson, 1989），Ti/Y值的平均值为48.13（Ti/Y＜100）（Tischeendorf et al., 1985），其比值也属于壳源岩浆的产物特征。
Mg#值是区分岩浆来源比较理想的参数，研究表明，典型的大洋中脊拉斑玄武岩（MORB）的Mg#值约为60，下地壳来源的溶体Mg#值均比较低，与熔融程度相关性小，一般小于40，当有地幔物质参与时，才可能导致Mg#值大于40（Rapp et al., 1995）。本次火山岩的Mg#值20.99～53.61，平均为37.41，应主要为壳源岩浆的产物，暗示存在幔源物质的参与。
根据岩石类型判别图解，流纹质凝灰岩大部分为类似A型花岗岩（图7a），而岩石本身也具有高Si，低Sr的特点，也属于A型花岗岩特征，而根据C/MF-A/MF图解（图7b）显示，流纹质凝灰岩主要来源于变质沉积岩的部分熔融，说明岩浆的原岩均为地壳物质的熔融作用所产生的。综合分析认为钓鱼台地区满克头鄂博组流纹质凝灰岩与A型花岗岩化学特征相似，由地壳物质部分熔融而形成，可能含有少量幔源物质的参与。
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Figure 7. Type discrimination diagram of volcanic rocks in the Diaoyutai area4.3 构造环境
研究区内火山岩表现富集Rb、Th、U、Nd等大离子亲石元素（LILE），亏损Nb、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE），具有高Si特点，且Sr含量为43.53×10−6～205.21×10−6，平均为97.12×10−6（小于400×10−6），Yb为1.11×10−6～3.15×10−6，平均为2.04×10−6（大于2×10−6），且具有明显的Eu负异常，具有A型花岗岩特征，相似于造山期后花岗岩的特征，根据构造判别图解Y+Nb-Rb（图8a），流纹质凝灰岩基本位于火山弧-后碰撞花岗岩范围内，而根据A型花岗岩类型判断，部分样品为A2型范围内，其余样品基本位于A2型花岗岩与A1型接触范围内，表现为逐步向伸展构造背景之下转变。
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Figure 8. Type discrimination diagram of volcanic rocks in the Diaoyutai area关于大兴安岭地区中生代火山岩的形成背景一致争议较大，一种观点认为是古太平洋构造域的影响，这种观念最直接的证据就是中国东部晚中生代岩浆活动具有统一性，表明它们可能的形成受控于东部的太平洋体系（Uyeda et al., 1974；Hilde et al., 1977；Takahashi et al., 1983；邓晋福等，1996；朱勤文等，1997）。日本海沟的太平洋板块俯冲带距离大兴安岭超过
1800 km，即使认为日本海并未进行弧后扩张，那么大兴安岭距离俯冲带也超过1000 km，根据前人研究成果，当板块以26 °角俯冲到600 km以后，板块中心温度将超过1200 ℃，在这种高温作用下，板块早已经软化，不再产生弹性断层，而大兴安岭与俯冲作用有关的弧火山-侵入岩要远远小于这个数字，因此，古太平洋俯冲的影响边界应截止于东亚大陆边缘，俯冲作用不能完全解释大兴安岭的岩浆活动特征（张立敏等，1983；邵济安等，2000）。基于岩石圈热演化过程分析，大兴安岭地区并没有发现与太平洋板块俯冲作用相关的晚中生代安第斯型弧岩浆带，也反映出晚侏罗、早白垩世东亚陆缘的岩浆岩与太平洋板块俯冲无关（上田诚也等，1979）。类似于超级地幔柱作用形成的深部熔融，在区域规模上，中国东北地区燕山期岩浆岩甚至可以与大火成岩省媲美。林强等（1998，1999）认为古亚洲域冷板块向地幔深部运动，从而引发了热地幔柱上升是大兴安岭中生代火山岩形成的重要控制因素。环状火山岩带是地幔柱模式最为显著的特点，然而中生代岩浆作用的时空分布特征不支持该模式，并且中生代火山岩时间跨度范围较大（185～105 Ma），而传统认为地幔柱产生的岩浆作用持续时间一般较短。而且大兴安岭中生代岩浆作用明显呈带状大陆边缘分布，这一点使用地幔柱作用模式很难解释。同时按照地幔柱最为基础的理论研究，地幔柱形成的直接产物是玄武质岩浆的大规模喷溢，而大兴安岭地区中生代基性岩浆活动非常贫乏（Fan et al., 2003；张连昌等，2007），因此可能与太平洋构造域也没有直接影响。
还有一种观点就是与蒙古–鄂霍茨克洋闭合的影响有关（郭锋等，2001；Fan et al., 2003）。尹志刚等（2019）在大兴安岭南段东乌旗地区测定的满克头鄂博组流纹岩，其化学特征与A型花岗岩相似，推断形成于造山后伸展环境中。何鹏等（2022）在乌拉盖地区测得满克头鄂博组火山岩形成于154～164 Ma，主要来源于壳源，同样与蒙古–鄂霍茨克洋闭合后岩石圈伸展作用有关。在内蒙古莫合尔图、满洲里、扎鲁特旗、赤峰等地也都发现了该时期具有伸展构造背景的火山岩（陈志广等，2006；孟恩等，2011；程银行等，2013；王杰等，2014）。
晚古生代末期蒙古–鄂霍茨克洋部分开始俯冲，并在晚三叠世开始自西向东呈剪刀式闭合（莫申国等，2006；黄始琪等，2014），在侏罗世早期完成了闭合（Tomurtogoo et al., 2005），但其深部板块的俯冲后撤作用并没有立刻结束，而是持续了一段时间，虽然中生代晚期的火山岩的构造线与其不一致，但是大兴安岭地区中—晚侏罗世的火山岩，特别是大面积分布的具有A型花岗岩特征的火山岩还应与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合后板块俯冲后撤所带来的伸展减薄环境有关。
综合研究认为，研究区内晚侏罗世满克头鄂博组的火山岩具有A型花岗岩的地球化学特征，推测岩浆来源于地壳，形成于蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合后板块俯冲后撤作用引起的地壳伸展减薄环境。
5. 结论
（1）内蒙古东部钓鱼台地区满克头鄂博组火山岩年龄为(160.3±2.2) Ma，时代归属于晚侏罗世。
（2）内蒙古东部钓鱼台地区满克头鄂博组火山岩具有A型花岗岩的地球化学特征，岩石表现为富集Rb、Th、U、Nd等大离子亲石元素（LILE），亏损Nb、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE），根据微量元素及其比值，火山岩的岩浆来源于地壳沉积岩的部分熔融，可能有地幔物质参与。
（3）结合前人研究成果，推断研究区内满克头鄂博组火山岩主要形成于伸展构造背景下，与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合后板块俯冲后撤作用导致的岩石圈伸展作用有关。
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图 1 祁漫塔格成矿带地质图（据Zhong et al.，2021b修改）
图中显示了文中涉及的矿床的类型和位置；其中，沙丘、玛兴大阪、哈西雅图矿床位于图幅右侧，未在图中显示出来
Figure 1. Geological map of the Qimantagh metallogenic belt
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图 2 文中使用的成矿岩体和非成矿岩体的28种全岩特征箱状图
Figure 2. Box illustrations of the 28 features of the mineralized and barren magmatic rocks used in this study
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图 4 训练的随机森林模型对测试集的评价图
a. 混淆矩阵图；b. 受试者特征曲线
Figure 4. Classification result for the test set using the trained of Random Forest model
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图 5 祁漫塔格地区成矿岩体和非成矿岩体全岩密度图解
a. Yb–La/Yb密度图解；b. Y–Sr/Y密度图解
Figure 5. Whole–rock density diagrams for the mineralized and barren rocks from the Qimantagh metallogenic belt
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图 6 外部独立验证数据集的分类结果图
a. 成矿岩体分类结果图（数据来源于Guo et al.，2022；Xu et al.，2023）；b. 非成矿岩体分类结果图（数据来源于Ren et al.，2023）
Figure 6. Plot of classification results for external independent validation dataset
表 1 文中使用的成矿岩体和非成矿岩体数据来源表
Table 1 Data sources of mineralized and barren magmatic rocks used in this study
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 文中汇编的成矿岩体和非成矿岩体的全岩地球化学特征表
Table 2 Whole–rock geochemical characterization of mineralized and barren magmatic rocks compiled in this study
元素特征 成矿岩体 非成矿岩体 含量 平均值 含量 平均值 SiO2 49.6～78.1 70.2 47.5～78.0 68.1 Al2O3 10.5～18.3 13.3 2.6～18.4 13.6 Fe2O3 0.5～12.6 3.2 0.9～13.4 4.1 MgO 0.1～1.1 0.6 0.1～1.1 0.6 CaO 0.3～10.0 2.5 0.2～13.4 2.7 Na2O 0.7～4.9 3.0 0.7～6.2 3.0 K2O 0.7～7.7 4.0 0.3～7.8 3.9 Ba 36.0～2420.0 502.5 13.0～2086.0 588.0 Rb 21.0～580.0 193.7 6.5～566.0 166.3 Nb 3.1～59.0 13.9 0.5～89.7 16.6 La 6.1～148.0 34.2 5.1～170.0 39.8 Ce 20.9～196.0 66.2 11.1～362.0 80.0 Pr 1.6～33.9 7.5 1.5～41.8 9.7 Nd 6.0～108.0 26.4 5.9～148.0 35.5 Sm 1.5～14.8 4.9 1.4～22.6 7.2 Eu 0～2.3 0.8 0.1～6.8 1.2 Gd 1.2～14.3 4.4 1.3～20.6 6.6 Tb 0.2～3.2 0.7 0.2～3.5 1.1 Dy 1.1～23.0 4.0 0.7～24.5 6.1 Ho 0.2～5.1 0.8 0.2～5.2 1.2 Er 0.7～15.2 2.4 0.5～15.0 3.4 Tm 0.1～2.6 0.4 0.1～2.3 0.5 Yb 0.7～17.6 2.6 0.5～17.0 3.3 Lu 0.1～2.9 0.4 0.1～2.4 0.5 Sr 12.4～743.0 206.5 1.1～927.0 226.7 Y 6.8～164.8 24.2 3.7～157.0 32.4 Sr/Y 0.1～64.9 11.1 0.1～75.8 11.0 La/Yb 0.9～46.5 15.6 0.9～75.2 15.3 注：主量元素含量为%；微量元素含量为10−6。
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表 3 随机森林模型分类结果表
Table 3 Classification results of Random Forest model
模型 岩体类型 总体准确率 准确率 AUC 随机森林 成矿岩体 0.90 0.84 0.93 非成矿岩体 0.94
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