Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications of Carboniferous Granites and Its Dark Enclaves in the Western Awulale Mountain, Western Tianshan
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摘要:
西天山出露的古生代岩浆岩的岩石成因及动力学背景对于恢复区域构造演化历史具有重要意义。笔者选取阿吾拉勒西段巩乃斯种羊场北西地区的花岗岩及其中暗色包体进行了岩石学研究、锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学分析。研究表明暗色包体为细粒闪长岩，闪长质包体K2O=0.93～2.50，K2O/Na2O=0.20～0.21，A/CNK=0.83～0.87，里特曼指数σ=2.33～3.02，为准铝质钙碱性岩石系列。寄主花岗岩K2O=2.92～3.48，含量较高，K2O/Na2O=0.60～0.79，里特曼指数σ=1.87～2.17，A/CNK =1.01～1.04，为弱过铝质钙碱性系列岩石，属I型花岗岩。二者均富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Pb等，亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti，稀土总量较低，轻稀土元素相对富集，重稀土元素相对亏损。闪长质包体无显著Eu、Sr异常，而花岗岩具明显的负Eu异常，且Sr、P、Ti元素强烈亏损。锆石U-Pb测年结果显示花岗岩成岩年龄为（320.0±2.7） Ma，属晚石炭世早期；闪长质包体成岩时代为（344.5±1.4） Ma，属早石炭世中期。闪长质包体类型为捕掳体，是寄主花岗质岩浆上位过程中捕获的围岩。岩石地球化学和年代学特征揭示二者有不同的成因，闪长质包体为早期北天山洋南向俯冲过程中形成的，而花岗岩侵位于后碰撞伸展环境，是由于软流圈上涌加热导致基性下地壳部分熔融而成。综合区域地质资料分析，早晚石炭世之交很可能是西天山区域构造体制转换的重要阶段，即由碰撞挤压环境转化为伸展拉张环境。
Abstract:The petrogenesis and dynamic background of the magmatic rocks in the West Tianshan Mountains are of great significance to reveal the tectonic evolution history of the restoration area. In this paper, the granite and its dark enclaves in the northwestern area of Kunes Zhongyangchang in the western Awulale Mountain were selected for petrology and zircon U-Pb chronology and petrogeochemical analysis. The results show that the dark enclaves are fine-grained diorite, with K2O=0.93～2.50, K2O/Na2O=0.20～0.21, A/CNK=0.83～0.87 and σ=2.33～3.02, which are quasi-aluminous calc-alkaline rock series. Host granites belong to I type granites with K2O=2.92～3.48, K2O/Na2O=0.60～0.79, Ritman index σ=1.87～2.17, and A/CNK =1.01～1.04, which are weakly peraluminous calc-alkaline rock series. Both of them are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g. Rb、Ba、Pb) and depleted in high field strength elements (HSFE, e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti), The total amount of rare earth elements is low, accompanied by the relative enrichment of light rare earth elements, and the relative loss of heavy rare earth element. The diorite enclaves have no significant Eu and Sr anomalies, while the granites have obvious negative Eu anomalies and strong loss of Sr, P and Ti elements. Zircon U-Pb dating shows that the formation age of granite is (320.0±2.7) Ma, belonging to the early Late Carboniferous. The diagenetic age of the diorite enclaves is (344.5±1.4) Ma, belonging to the Early Carboniferous. The type of diorite enclaves is xenolith, which were captured during the rising of the host granitic magma. The geochemical and chronological characteristics of the rocks reveal that they have different petrogenesis. The dioritic enclaves were formed during the northern Tianshan Ocean subduction southward, and the granite intrusion was located in the post-collision extension environment, which was formed due to the upwelling of the asthenosphere, leading to the partial melting of the lower crust. Based on regional geological data, it is likely that the early Carboniferous to late Carboniferous is an important stage of tectonic system transformation in the western Tianshan Mountain, that is, the tectonic environment transformed from compression to extension.
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Keywords:
- Western Tianshan /
- granite /
- enclave /
- zircon U-Pb dating /
- petrogenesis
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图 1 中国西天山地质简图（a据Long et al.，2011修）和研究区地质简图（b）
Figure 1. (a) Simplified geological map of western Tianshan and (b) the distribution of the granites and enclaves in the study region
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图 2 寄主花岗岩及闪长质包体野外照片及正交偏光显微照片
a. 寄主花岗岩及闪长质包体野外特征；b. 花岗岩镜下特征；c. 闪长质包体镜下特征；Q. 石英；Hb. 角闪石；Pl. 斜长石；Kf. 钾长石；Bi. 黑云母
Figure 2. Field photographs and cross-polarized micrographs of host granites and diorite inclusions
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图 3 花岗岩（13XY-24）和闪长质包体（13XY-12）锆石阴极发光图
Figure 3. Ziron CL images of granites (13XY-24) and enclaves (13XY-12)
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图 4 闪长质包体（a、b）和寄主花岗岩（c、d）锆石U-Pb谐和图及加权平均年龄图
Figure 4. (a, b) Zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams and weight mean age diagrams of the enclaves and (c, d) granites
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图 5 花岗岩和闪长质包体TAS图解（a据 Middlemost，1994）和K2O-SiO2图解（b据Peccerillo et al.，1976，虚线据Middlemost，1985）
Figure 5. (a) TAS and (b) K2O-SiO2 diagram for the granites and enclaves
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图 6 花岗岩和捕掳体稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配图（a）和微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图（b）
Figure 6. (a) The chondrite-normalized rare earth elements patterns and (b) primitive-mantle normalized spider diagram for the granites and xenolith
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图 7 花岗岩FeOT/MgO-10000Ga/Al分类图解（a）（据Whalen et al.，1987）和P2O5-SiO2图解（b）
Figure 7. (a) FeOT/MgO-10 000Ga/Al and (b) P2O5-SiO2 diagrams of the granites
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图 8 研究区闪长质包体Th/Yb-Ta/Yb（a据Pearce，1982）和La/Yb-Th（b据Bailey，1981）图解
Figure 8. (a) Diagrams of Th/Yb-Ta/Yb and (b) La/Yb-Th for diorite enclaves in the study area
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图 9 花岗岩和包体R1-R2（a据Batchelor et al.，1985）和Rb-Yb+Nb（b据Pearce，1996）构造环境判别图解
Figure 9. (a) R1-R2 and (b) Rb-Yb+Nb diagrams of granites and enclaves
表 1 花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年测试数据
Table 1 Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analytical data of granites
测点 含量（10−6） Th/U 同位素比值 年龄（Ma） Th U 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 1 207 229 0.91 0.0530 0.0024 0.3685 0.0167 0.0504 0.0003 327.5 102.6 318.5 14.5 317.3 2.1 2 140 159 0.88 0.0531 0.0037 0.3821 0.0265 0.0522 0.0004 333.0 156.0 328.6 22.8 328.0 2.3 3 156 196 0.80 0.0534 0.0025 0.3742 0.0181 0.0508 0.0004 347.3 107.3 322.8 15.6 319.4 2.5 4 289 226 1.28 0.0529 0.0018 0.3838 0.0130 0.0526 0.0004 326.1 75.6 329.8 11.2 330.4 2.2 5 191 187 1.03 0.0533 0.0027 0.3693 0.0188 0.0502 0.0003 342.6 114.6 319.1 16.2 315.9 2.1 6 159 166 0.96 0.0536 0.0034 0.3715 0.0239 0.0503 0.0004 354.7 144.1 320.8 20.6 316.1 2.3 7 344 297 1.2 0.0536 0.0014 0.3832 0.0103 0.0519 0.0003 353.6 59.9 329.4 8.9 325.9 2.1 8 137 168 0.82 0.0528 0.0027 0.3721 0.0194 0.0511 0.0004 321.2 117.6 321.2 16.8 321.2 2.3 9 272 263 1.04 0.0531 0.0019 0.3827 0.0136 0.0522 0.0003 334.8 79.3 329.0 11.7 328.2 2.2 10 206 242 0.86 0.0536 0.0025 0.3703 0.0177 0.0501 0.0003 354.5 106.5 319.9 15.3 315.1 2.2 11 141 161 0.88 0.0532 0.0040 0.3637 0.0272 0.0496 0.0004 335.3 169.5 315.0 23.6 312.2 2.5 12 64 102 0.63 0.0533 0.0041 0.3624 0.0281 0.0493 0.0005 343.0 174.6 314.0 24.3 310.2 2.9 13 122 162 0.76 0.0529 0.0020 0.3729 0.0153 0.0511 0.0004 339.7 87.4 309.1 12.2 305.1 2.2 14 93 120 0.78 0.0528 0.0051 0.3773 0.0362 0.0518 0.0004 324.9 87.2 321.8 13.2 321.4 2.8 15 101 136 0.75 0.0529 0.0032 0.3772 0.0228 0.0517 0.0004 319.9 218.2 325.0 31.2 325.8 2.7 16 70 133 0.53 0.0538 0.0045 0.3720 0.0312 0.0502 0.0004 274.3 234.9 266.9 27.2 266.0 2.3 17 73 111 0.66 0.0536 0.0064 0.3734 0.0445 0.0505 0.0005 325.9 136.7 325.0 19.6 324.9 2.8 18 123 193 0.64 0.0536 0.0029 0.3665 0.0199 0.0496 0.0003 360.6 188.0 321.2 26.9 315.8 2.6 19 101 129 0.78 0.0533 0.0026 0.3701 0.0184 0.0504 0.0004 354.2 267.7 322.1 38.4 317.7 3.0 20 80 99 0.81 0.0532 0.0037 0.3746 0.0270 0.0511 0.0006 563.1 92.5 361.4 15.5 330.7 2.2 21 160 150 1.07 0.0534 0.0023 0.3791 0.0166 0.0515 0.0004 353.3 123.1 317.0 17.3 312.1 2.1 22 14 215 0.06 0.0589 0.0025 0.4275 0.0184 0.0526 0.0004 341.3 111.2 319.7 15.9 316.8 2.7 23 176 164 1.07 0.0535 0.0031 0.4047 0.0235 0.0548 0.0004 351.1 131.6 345.1 20.1 344.2 2.8 24 82 94 0.88 0.0534 0.0020 0.4034 0.0157 0.0548 0.0005 335.8 158.8 323.1 23.3 321.3 3.7 25 60 87 0.69 0.0534 0.0025 0.4010 0.0198 0.0545 0.0007 343.8 84.8 344.1 13.4 344.1 3.4 26 205 198 1.03 0.0530 0.0022 0.3934 0.0165 0.0538 0.0004 344.9 107.0 342.3 16.9 342.0 4.6 
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表 2 闪长质包体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年测试数据
Table 2 Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analytical data of diorite enclaves
测点 含量（10−6） Th/U 同位素比值 年龄（Ma） Th U 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 1 150 284 0.53 0.0538 0.0033 0.4050 0.0258 0.0546 0.0004 361.5 140.3 345.3 22.0 342.9 2.6 2 239 344 0.69 0.0014 0.0014 0.4825 0.0128 0.0636 0.0004 413.7 57.7 399.8 10.6 397.4 2.7 3 157 284 0.55 0.0540 0.0020 0.4086 0.0153 0.0549 0.0003 371.8 83.7 347.8 13.0 344.3 2.1 4 153 262 0.59 0.0533 0.0026 0.4000 0.0195 0.0545 0.0003 340.0 111.1 341.6 16.7 341.8 2.0 5 218 413 0.53 0.0543 0.0016 0.4091 0.0125 0.0547 0.0003 382.3 67.9 348.2 10.6 343.1 1.9 6 225 424 0.53 0.0538 0.0023 0.3953 0.0168 0.0533 0.0003 364.3 95.3 338.2 14.4 334.5 2.0 7 256 369 0.69 0.0537 0.0016 0.4107 0.0125 0.0555 0.0003 356.9 67.3 349.4 10.6 348.2 1.9 8 311 505 0.62 0.0542 0.0016 0.4076 0.0119 0.0546 0.0003 377.7 64.8 347.2 10.1 342.6 2.0 9 426 597 0.71 0.0535 0.0010 0.4082 0.0082 0.0553 0.0003 351.3 44.0 347.6 7.0 347.0 2.2 10 139 929 0.45 0.0539 0.0014 0.4122 0.0103 0.0555 0.0003 365.1 56.8 350.4 8.8 348.2 1.9 11 232 366 0.63 0.0537 0.0012 0.4102 0.0096 0.0554 0.0003 360.5 51.5 349.0 8.2 347.3 2.0 12 170 347 0.49 0.0535 0.0016 0.4045 0.0124 0.0549 0.0003 348.7 68.7 344.9 10.6 344.3 2.0 13 135 237 0.57 0.0534 0.0030 0.4056 0.0229 0.0550 0.0003 347.7 125.5 345.7 19.5 345.4 2.2 14 294 402 0.73 0.0541 0.0015 0.4096 0.0117 0.0549 0.0003 375.2 64.2 348.6 10.0 344.6 2.2 15 195 348 0.56 0.0540 0.0020 0.4066 0.0150 0.0546 0.0003 370.6 82.5 346.4 12.8 342.8 2.0 16 147 285 0.52 0.0536 0.0020 0.4058 0.0155 0.0550 0.0003 352.2 85.2 345.8 13.2 344.9 2.0 17 110 346 0.32 0.0539 0.0016 0.4130 0.0128 0.0555 0.0003 368.2 67.9 351.0 10.9 348.4 2.1 18 205 404 0.51 0.0540 0.0013 0.4077 0.0103 0.0547 0.0003 372.2 56.1 347.2 8.7 343.5 2.0 19 243 426 0.57 0.0541 0.0015 0.4054 0.0114 0.0544 0.0003 374.5 62.1 345.5 9.7 341.2 1.9 20 200 319 0.06 0.0536 0.0020 0.4037 0.0148 0.0546 0.0003 353.3 82.4 344.3 12.6 343.0 1.9 21 136 256 0.53 0.0536 0.0020 0.4040 0.0147 0.0546 0.0003 356.0 82.2 344.6 12.6 342.9 2.0 22 180 421 0.43 0.0537 0.0012 0.4104 0.0094 0.0554 0.0003 357.9 50.8 349.2 8.0 347.9 2.2 23 320 516 0.62 0.0540 0.0013 0.4039 0.0101 0.0543 0.0003 332.2 75.8 350.1 12.0 352.8 2.0 24 271 457 0.59 0.0537 0.0013 0.4114 0.0098 0.0556 0.0004 369.1 55.4 344.5 8.6 340.8 2.0 25 266 559 0.48 0.0541 0.0014 0.4122 0.0103 0.0552 0.0003 363.6 66.4 341.5 10.2 338.3 1.9 26 181 349 0.52 0.0537 0.0015 0.4047 0.0115 0.0546 0.0003 357.3 54.0 349.8 8.3 348.7 2.3 27 126 281 0.45 0.0540 0.0025 0.4097 0.0192 0.0550 0.0003 377.2 56.2 350.4 8.8 346.4 2.0 28 202 387 0.52 0.0538 0.0016 0.4120 0.0125 0.0555 0.0003 360.6 62.6 345.1 9.8 342.8 2.0 29 226 395 0.57 0.0538 0.0015 0.4080 0.0112 0.0550 0.0003 371.9 105.6 348.7 16.4 345.2 2.2 30 239 344 0.69 0.0550 0.0014 0.4825 0.0128 0.0636 0.0004 363.3 67.0 350.3 10.7 348.4 2.0 31 226 395 0.57 0.0538 0.0015 0.4080 0.0112 0.0550 0.0003 363.7 61.3 347.4 9.5 345.0 2.0
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表 3 花岗岩和闪长质包体主量元素（%）与微量元素（10−6）地球化学分析数据
Table 3 Major element (%) and trace element (10−6) composition of the granite and diorite enclaves
样品 13XY-13h 13XY-29h 13XY-30h 13XY-31h 13XY-32h 13XY-24-1h 13XY-24-2h 13XY-24-3h 13XY-24-4h 样品 13XY-13h 13XY-29h 13XY-30h 13XY-31h 13XY-32h 13XY-24-1h 13XY-24-2h 13XY-24-3h 13XY-24-4h 闪长质包体 寄主花岗岩 闪长质包体 寄主花岗岩 SiO2 57.03 59.44 57.05 56.72 57.77 75.48 75.34 74.57 73.5 Zn 48.5 35.6 41.2 52.8 40.7 16.8 18.7 17.2 14.4 Al2O3 16.01 15.93 16.23 15.91 16.51 12.91 12.86 13.27 13.44 Cr 50.6 17.5 0.63 3.39 13.7 7.01 9.18 10 4.43 Fe2O3 3.39 3.41 3.4 2.17 3.55 0.82 0.85 0.8 0.82 Ni 15.3 8.02 3.79 10.6 9.26 1.18 2.7 2.2 1.49 FeO 5.26 4.2 6.15 7.18 4.65 1.01 0.96 1.07 1.48 Co 22.3 14.3 19.7 24.2 17.2 2.1 2.45 5.02 7.34 CaO 5.77 5.16 5.36 6.13 5.21 0.81 0.87 1.06 0.93 Li 7.49 6.15 5.42 4.41 6.48 2.46 2.04 1.91 3.83 MgO 3.71 2.82 3.2 3.68 3.08 0.27 0.26 0.35 0.54 Rb 39.7 34.2 12.8 14 29.5 57.5 66 44.8 48.9 K2O 1.98 2.18 0.93 1.05 2.5 3.29 3.48 2.92 3.44 Cs 0.26 0.23 0.14 0.2 0.31 0.36 0.31 0.18 0.11 Na2O 3.9 4.34 4.71 4.17 4.1 4.5 4.43 4.88 4.7 Mo 1.09 0.48 0.64 0.45 0.66 1.2 1.12 1.33 15.6 TiO2 0.76 0.74 0.97 0.93 0.72 0.23 0.22 0.28 0.29 Sr 364 321 376 367 299 88.4 89.4 117 108 P2O5 0.14 0.13 0.24 0.19 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 Ba 499 533 386 396 599 696 718 736 934 MnO 0.15 0.12 0.17 0.18 0.13 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 V 238 216 264 301 225 7.89 7.16 10.3 12.4 LOI 1.86 1.5 1.54 1.63 1.59 0.61 0.65 0.72 0.76 Sc 31.9 27.6 26.7 25.2 25.5 5.83 5.72 7.05 6.23 H2O+ 0.95 0.71 0.94 0.81 0.83 0.45 0.41 0.48 0.45 Nb 5.57 6.73 4.9 5.54 5.83 11.1 10.5 10.1 9.25 Total 100.91 100.68 100.89 100.75 100.77 100.45 100.41 100.48 100.43 Ta 0.44 0.5 0.38 0.39 0.44 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.82 La 19.3 20.6 18.4 14.5 16.4 27.1 25.4 28.4 19.8 Zr 99.1 142 112 139 103 269 260 282 263 Ce 42.2 46.5 42.2 34.2 38.9 60.1 55.5 61.3 43.9 Hf 2.59 3.52 2.73 3.15 2.7 6.77 6.35 6.8 6.03 Pr 5.5 6 5.77 4.49 5.42 7.99 7.46 7.54 5.58 Ga 17.5 17.6 19.5 17.8 16.8 14.6 14.2 13.7 13.8 Nd 22 22.7 23.2 18.5 21.7 29.8 27.8 27.3 21.8 U 0.9 1.3 0.59 0.58 0.76 1.72 1.73 1.34 1.36 Sm 5.18 5.33 5.54 4.53 5.4 6.55 6.21 5.75 5.13 Th 3.2 3.53 2.61 2.36 3.24 7.86 7.87 7.78 6.56 Eu 1.44 1.47 1.73 1.41 1.36 0.96 0.98 1.26 1.13 σ 2.55 2.63 2.33 2.07 3.02 1.87 1.93 1.92 2.17 Gd 5.46 5.75 6.12 4.77 5.96 6.71 6.4 5.75 5.32 R1 1672 1668 1605 1742 1551 2615 2589 2504 2359 Tb 0.91 0.96 1 0.8 1.03 1.16 1.07 0.99 0.94 R2 1097 993 1036 1130 1021 355 360 393 391 Dy 5.63 5.94 6.09 5.02 6.5 7.18 6.77 6.63 5.96 （La/Yb）N 3.88 3.72 3.75 3.32 2.92 3.80 3.80 4.27 3.18 Ho 1.24 1.28 1.29 1.08 1.38 1.62 1.52 1.49 1.32 （La/Sm）N 0.83 0.95 0.70 0.71 1.11 2.07 2.07 1.82 2.06 Er 3.57 3.72 3.61 3.12 4.02 4.87 4.51 4.41 4.06 （Gd/Yb）N 53.70 43.11 54.95 58.86 37.09 10.43 10.21 14.19 14.69 Tm 0.54 0.59 0.55 0.48 0.62 0.76 0.72 0.72 0.65 A/CNK 0.84 0.84 0.88 0.83 0.87 1.04 1.02 1.01 1.02 Yb 3.57 3.97 3.52 3.13 4.03 5.12 4.8 4.77 4.46 Mg# 44.31 40.88 38.25 41.80 41.17 21.59 21.18 25.85 30.27 Lu 0.57 0.64 0.56 0.49 0.63 0.85 0.8 0.8 0.76 Rb/ Sr 0.11 0.11 0.03 0.04 0.10 0.65 0.74 0.38 0.45 Y 32.2 34.5 33.4 27.9 36.1 42.1 38.4 38.7 35.7 δEu 0.82 0.81 0.90 0.92 0.73 0.44 0.47 0.66 0.66 Cu 58.3 33.4 28.7 54.9 24.7 6.69 7.22 10.7 2.88 δCe 0.99 1.01 1.00 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.98 1.01 1.01 Pb 8.25 4.55 4.09 3.92 4.72 5.37 12.7 6.03 3.44
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